The process of converting data to something a computer can understand is referred to as pre-processing. One of the major forms of pre-processing is to filter out useless data. In natural language processing, useless words (data), are referred to as stop words.
What are Stop words?
Stop Words: A stop word is a commonly used word (such as “the”, “a”, “an”, “in”) that a search engine has been programmed to ignore, both when indexing entries for searching and when retrieving them as the result of a search query.
We would not want these words to take up space in our database, or taking up valuable processing time. For this, we can remove them easily, by storing a list of words that you consider to stop words. NLTK(Natural Language Toolkit) in python has a list of stopwords stored in 16 different languages. You can find them in the nltk_data directory. home/pratima/nltk_data/corpora/stopwords are the directory address.(Do not forget to change your home directory name)
To check the list of stopwords you can type the following commands in the python shell.
Python3
import nltkfrom nltk.corpus import stopwordsnltk.download('stopwords')print(stopwords.words('english')) |
Output:
[‘i’, ‘me’, ‘my’, ‘myself’, ‘we’, ‘our’, ‘ours’, ‘ourselves’, ‘you’, “you’re”, “you’ve”, “you’ll”, “you’d”, ‘your’, ‘yours’, ‘yourself’, ‘yourselves’, ‘he’, ‘him’, ‘his’, ‘himself’, ‘she’, “she’s”, ‘her’, ‘hers’, ‘herself’, ‘it’, “it’s”, ‘its’, ‘itself’, ‘they’, ‘them’, ‘their’, ‘theirs’, ‘themselves’, ‘what’, ‘which’, ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘this’, ‘that’, “that’ll”, ‘these’, ‘those’, ‘am’, ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘was’, ‘were’, ‘be’, ‘been’, ‘being’, ‘have’, ‘has’, ‘had’, ‘having’, ‘do’, ‘does’, ‘did’, ‘doing’, ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘the’, ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘if’, ‘or’, ‘because’, ‘as’, ‘until’, ‘while’, ‘of’, ‘at’, ‘by’, ‘for’, ‘with’, ‘about’, ‘against’, ‘between’, ‘into’, ‘through’, ‘during’, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘above’, ‘below’, ‘to’, ‘from’, ‘up’, ‘down’, ‘in’, ‘out’, ‘on’, ‘off’, ‘over’, ‘under’, ‘again’, ‘further’, ‘then’, ‘once’, ‘here’, ‘there’, ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘why’, ‘how’, ‘all’, ‘any’, ‘both’, ‘each’, ‘few’, ‘more’, ‘most’, ‘other’, ‘some’, ‘such’, ‘no’, ‘nor’, ‘not’, ‘only’, ‘own’, ‘same’, ‘so’, ‘than’, ‘too’, ‘very’, ‘s’, ‘t’, ‘can’, ‘will’, ‘just’, ‘don’, “don’t”, ‘should’, “should’ve”, ‘now’, ‘d’, ‘ll’, ‘m’, ‘o’, ‘re’, ‘ve’, ‘y’, ‘ain’, ‘aren’, “aren’t”, ‘couldn’, “couldn’t”, ‘didn’, “didn’t”, ‘doesn’, “doesn’t”, ‘hadn’, “hadn’t”, ‘hasn’, “hasn’t”, ‘haven’, “haven’t”, ‘isn’, “isn’t”, ‘ma’, ‘mightn’, “mightn’t”, ‘mustn’, “mustn’t”, ‘needn’, “needn’t”, ‘shan’, “shan’t”, ‘shouldn’, “shouldn’t”, ‘wasn’, “wasn’t”, ‘weren’, “weren’t”, ‘won’, “won’t”, ‘wouldn’, “wouldn’t”]
Note: You can even modify the list by adding words of your choice in the English .txt. file in the stopwords directory.
Removing stop words with NLTK
The following program removes stop words from a piece of text:
Python3
from nltk.corpus import stopwordsfrom nltk.tokenize import word_tokenizeexample_sent = """This is a sample sentence, showing off the stop words filtration."""stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))word_tokens = word_tokenize(example_sent)# converts the words in word_tokens to lower case and then checks whether#they are present in stop_words or notfiltered_sentence = [w for w in word_tokens if not w.lower() in stop_words]#with no lower case conversionfiltered_sentence = []for w in word_tokens: if w not in stop_words: filtered_sentence.append(w)print(word_tokens)print(filtered_sentence) |
Output:
['This', 'is', 'a', 'sample', 'sentence', ',', 'showing', 'off', 'the', 'stop', 'words', 'filtration', '.'] ['This', 'sample', 'sentence', ',', 'showing', 'stop', 'words', 'filtration', '.']
Performing the Stopwords operations in a file
In the code below, text.txt is the original input file in which stopwords are to be removed. filteredtext.txt is the output file. It can be done using following code:
Python3
import iofrom nltk.corpus import stopwordsfrom nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize# word_tokenize accepts# a string as an input, not a file.stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))file1 = open("text.txt")# Use this to read file content as a stream:line = file1.read()words = line.split()for r in words: if not r in stop_words: appendFile = open('filteredtext.txt','a') appendFile.write(" "+r) appendFile.close() |
This is how we are making our processed content more efficient by removing words that do not contribute to any future operations.
