Problems – To find where the program spends its time and make timing measurements.
To simply time the whole program, it’s usually easy enough to use something like the Unix time command as shown below.
Code #1 : Command to time the whole program
bash % time python3 someprogram.py real 0m13.937suser 0m12.162ssys 0m0.098sbash % |
On the other extreme, to have a detailed report showing what the program is doing, cProfile module is used.
bash % python3 -m cProfile someprogram.py |
Output :
Ordered by: standard name
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
263169 0.080 0.000 0.080 0.000 someprogram.py:16(frange)
513 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.000 someprogram.py:30(generate_mandel)
262656 0.194 0.000 15.295 0.000 someprogram.py:32()
1 0.036 0.036 16.077 16.077 someprogram.py:4()
262144 15.021 0.000 15.021 0.000 someprogram.py:4(in_mandelbrot)
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 os.py:746(urandom)
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 png.py:1056(_readable)
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 png.py:1073(Reader)
1 0.227 0.227 0.438 0.438 png.py:163()
512 0.010 0.000 0.010 0.000 png.py:200(group)
More often than not, profiling the code lies somewhere in between these two extremes. For example, if one already knows that the code spends most of its time in a few selected functions. For selected profiling of functions, a short decorator can be useful.
Code #3: Using short decorator for selected profiling of functions
# abc.py import time from functools import wraps def timethis(func): @wraps(func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): start = time.perf_counter() r = func(*args, **kwargs) end = time.perf_counter() print('{}.{} : {}'.format(func.__module__, func.__name__, end - start)) return r return wrapper |
To use the decorator, simply place it in front of a function definition to get timings from it as shown in the code below.
Code #4 :
@abcdef countdown(n): while n > 0: n -= 1 countdown(10000000) |
Output :
__main__.countdown : 0.803001880645752
Code #5: Defining a context manager to time a block of statements.
from contextlib import contextmanager def timeblock(label): start = time.perf_counter() try: yield finally: end = time.perf_counter() print('{} : {}'.format(label, end - start)) |
Code #6: How the context manager works
with timeblock('counting'): n = 10000000 while n > 0: n -= 1 |
Output :
counting : 1.5551159381866455
Code #7 : Using timeit module to study the performance of small code fragments
from timeit import timeit print (timeit('math.sqrt(2)', 'import math'), "\n") print (timeit('sqrt(2)', 'from math import sqrt')) |
Output :
0.1432319980012835 0.10836604500218527
timeit works by executing the statement specified in the first argument a million times and measuring the time.
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