Introduction
I hope you’ve followed my previous articles on ensemble modeling. In this article, I’ll share a crucial trick helpful to build models using ensemble learning. This trick will teach you,
‘How to choose the right models for your ensemble process?’
Are you ready? Let’s Begin!
Imagine the following scenario (great, if you can relate to it).
You are working on a classification problem and have built 1000 machine learning models. Each of the model gives you an AUC in the range of 0.7 to 0.75 . Your task is to combine all the models together to build a more stable and more predictive model by taking up simple bag of these models.
How would you answer it?
To answer this question, let’s try to dig into what are we really looking for in these models.
Our Objective
“We are trying to combine a set of high-performing diverse models to get a model that has higher stability and higher performance.”
In the sentence above, two things are essential to note:
- Models should be High Performing
- Models should be Diverse
Now, that we know our model objective, let’s try to quantify both these attributes.
- Quantitative method to gauge model performance: We have various performance metrics which can be tracked in any model. For example: KS stat, AUC-ROC, Lift etc. The selection of performance metric depends on the business problem. Whatever, is your performance metric of interest, the same metric should be used to track your ensemble process.
- Quantitative method to gauge model diversity: Diversity is an interesting clause and there is no perfect solution to this problem. But, we can introduce diversity through various methods. Most commonly used are Correlation coefficient – Pearson or Spearman, %overlap in the predicted class, bin wise chi-squared value etc.
In this article I’ll will choose KS-stat as the Performance Metric and Pearson Coefficient as the Diversity Metric.
The Algorithm
There is no perfect algorithm to select the right set of variables. However, in this article I have laid down a methodology which I have found extremely effective in finding the right model set. Following is the step by step methodology with the relevant codes :
Step 1 : Find the KS of individual models
We start with finding the performance of individual models. You can use following code :
#I assume train is a table with 1002 columns : column 1 is ID of the row 2:1001 are predictions from individual models and 1002 is the target categorical variable.
train_ks <- 1:1000
for (i in 2:1001){
train_ks[i-1] <- max(ks_compute(train[,i],train[,1002])[10])} #ks_compute is a function whichI have written locally, you can replace it with AUC ROC which is internally built in R.
Step 2: Index all the models for easy access
Let’s try to be effective while referencing our models. Here is a powerful way to do the same:
sno <- 2:1001
train_ks_table <- cbind(sno,train_ks) train_ks_table <- train_ks_table[order(-train_ks_table[,2]),] train_order <-c(1,train_ks_table[,1],1002)
train_sorted <- train[,train_order]
Step 3: Choose the first two models as the initial selection and set a correlation limit
You start with the most powerful models in your kitty. And then:
models_selected <- colnames(train_sorted)[2:3] limit_corr <- 0.75
Step 4: Iteratively choose all the models which are not highly correlated with any of the any chosen model
Here is where you make the final comparison using the performance and the diversity factor (Pearson Coefficient)
for (i in 3:1000) {
choose = 1
for (j in 1:length(models_selected)) {
correlation <- cor(train_sorted[,i],train_sorted[,models_selected[j]])
choose <- ifelse(correlation > limit_corr,0,1*choose)
}
if(choose == 1) {
models_selected <- c(models_selected,colnames(train_sorted)[i])
}
}
Now you have a list of models selected in the vector models_selected.
Step 5: Time to check the performance of individual sequential combination
Having chosen a sequence of models, now is the time to add each combination and check their performance.
train_ks_choose <- rep(1,length(models_selected))
predictions_train <- apply(train_sorted[,2:3],1,mean)
model_considered = 0
for (j in 1:length(models_selected)){
predictions_train <- (model_considered*predictions_train + train_sorted[,models_selected[j]])/(model_considered + 1)
train_ks_choose[j] <- max(ks_compute(predictions_train,train[,462])[10]) #38.49%
model_considered = model_considered + 1
}
ks_table <- cbind(train_ks_choose,itv1_ks_choose,itv2_ks_choose) write.csv(ks_table,"ks_table.csv")
Step 6: Choose the combination where the performance peaks
Here is the plot I get after executing the code
It is quite clear from the above graph that we see significant benefits by combining around 12 diverse high-performing models. Our final KS goes up to 49 from 36 (individual model maximum).
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End Notes
Ensemble model gives significant lift over individual models because it is able to combine the positive attributes of multiple models. There is no specific way to combine models together, however I have seen with experience best selections get more intuitive.
Have you tried ensemble learning? If yes, did you see a significant benefit. What method did you use? Share with us your comments/queries/inputs on this article.
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Tavish Srivastava, co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of Analytics Vidhya, is an IIT Madras graduate and a passionate data-science professional with 8+ years of diverse experience in markets including the US, India and Singapore, domains including Digital Acquisitions, Customer Servicing and Customer Management, and industry including Retail Banking, Credit Cards and Insurance. He is fascinated by the idea of artificial intelligence inspired by human intelligence and enjoys every discussion, theory or even movie related to this idea.
