The pickle module is used for implementing binary protocols for serializing and de-serializing a Python object structure.
- Pickling: It is a process where a Python object hierarchy is converted into a byte stream.
- Unpickling: It is the inverse of Pickling process where a byte stream is converted into an object hierarchy.
Module Interface :
- dumps() – This function is called to serialize an object hierarchy.
- loads() – This function is called to de-serialize a data stream.
Constants provided by the pickle module :
- pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
This is an integer value representing the highest protocol version available. This is considered as the protocol value which is passed to the functions dump(), dumps().
- pickle.DEFAULT_PROTOCOL
This is an integer value representing the default protocol used for pickling whose value may be less than the value of the highest protocol.
Functions provided by the pickle module :
- pickle.dump(obj, file, protocol = None, *, fix_imports = True)
This function is equivalent to Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj). This is used to write a pickled representation of obj to the open file object file.
The optional protocol argument is an integer that tells the pickler to use the given protocol. The supported protocols are 0 to HIGHEST_PROTOCOL. If not specified, the default is DEFAULT_PROTOCOL. If a negative number is specified, HIGHEST_PROTOCOL is selected.
If fix_imports is true and protocol is less than 3, the pickle will try to map the new Python 3 names to the old module names used in Python 2, so that the pickle data stream is readable with Python 2.
Example :
Python3
# Python program to illustrate# pickle.dump()import pickleimport ioclass SimpleObject(object): def __init__(self, name): self.name = name l = list(name) l.reverse() self.name_backwards = ''.join(l) returndata = []data.append(SimpleObject('pickle'))data.append(SimpleObject('cPickle'))data.append(SimpleObject('last'))# Simulate a file with StringIOout_s = io.StringIO()# Write to the streamfor o in data: print ('WRITING: %s (%s)' % (o.name, o.name_backwards)) pickle.dump(o, out_s) out_s.flush() |
- Output :
WRITING: pickle (elkcip) WRITING: cPickle (elkciPc) WRITING: last (tsal)
- pickle.dumps(obj, protocol = None, *, fix_imports = True)
This function returns the pickled representation of the object as a bytes object.
Example :
Python3
# Python program to illustrate#Picle.dumps()import pickledata = [ { 'a':'A', 'b':2, 'c':3.0 } ]data_string = pickle.dumps(data)print ('PICKLE:', data_string ) |
- Output :
PICKLE: (lp0 (dp1 S'a' p2 S'A' p3 sS'c' p4 F3.0 sS'b' p5 I2 sa.
- pickle.load(file, *, fix_imports = True, encoding = “ASCII”, errors = “strict”)
This function is equivalent to Unpickler(file).load(). This function is used to read a pickled object representation from the open file object file and return the reconstituted object hierarchy specified.
Example :
Python3
# Python program to illustrate# pickle.load()import pickleimport ioclass SimpleObject(object): def __init__(self, name): self.name = name l = list(name) l.reverse() self.name_backwards = ''.join(l) returndata = []data.append(SimpleObject('pickle'))data.append(SimpleObject('cPickle'))data.append(SimpleObject('last'))# Simulate a file with StringIOout_s = io.StringIO()# Write to the streamfor o in data: print ('WRITING: %s (%s)' % (o.name, o.name_backwards)) pickle.dump(o, out_s) out_s.flush() # Set up a read-able streamin_s = io.StringIO(out_s.getvalue())# Read the datawhile True: try: o = pickle.load(in_s) except EOFError: break else: print ('READ: %s (%s)' % (o.name, o.name_backwards)) |
- Output :
WRITING: pickle (elkcip) WRITING: cPickle (elkciPc) WRITING: last (tsal) READ: pickle (elkcip) READ: cPickle (elkciPc) READ: last (tsal)
- pickle.loads(bytes_object, *, fix_imports = True, encoding = “ASCII”, errors = “strict”)
This function is used to read a pickled object representation from a bytes object and return the reconstituted object hierarchy specified.
Example :
Python3
# Python program to illustrate# pickle.loads()import pickleimport pprintdata1 = [ { 'a':'A', 'b':2, 'c':3.0 } ]print ('BEFORE:',)pprint.pprint(data1)data1_string = pickle.dumps(data1)data2 = pickle.loads(data1_string)print ('AFTER:',)pprint.pprint(data2)print ('SAME?:', (data1 is data2))print ('EQUAL?:', (data1 == data2)) |
- Output :
BEFORE:[{'a': 'A', 'b': 2, 'c': 3.0}]
AFTER:[{'a': 'A', 'b': 2, 'c': 3.0}]
SAME?: False
EQUAL?: True
Exceptions provided by the pickle module :
- exception pickle.PickleError
This exception inherits Exception. It is the base class for all other exceptions raised in pickling.
- exception pickle.PicklingError
This exception inherits PickleError. This exception is raised when an unpicklable object is encountered by Pickler.
- exception pickle.UnpicklingError
This exception inherits PickleError. This exception is raised when there is a problem like data corruption or a security violation while unpickling an object.
Classes exported by the pickle module:
- class pickle.Pickler(file, protocol = None, *, fix_imports = True)
This class takes a binary file for writing a pickle data stream.- dump(obj) – This function is used to write a pickled representation of obj to the open file object given in the constructor.
- persistent_id(obj) – If persistent_id() returns None, obj is pickled as usual. This does nothing by default and exists so that any subclass can override it.
- Dispatch_table – A pickler object’s dispatch table is a mapping whose keys are classes and whose values are reduction functions.
By default, a pickler object will not have a dispatch_table attribute, and it will instead use the global dispatch table managed by the copyreg module.
Example : The below code creates an instance of pickle.Pickler with a private dispatch table that handles the SomeClass class especially.
f = io.BytesIO() p = pickle.Pickler(f) p.dispatch_table = copyreg.dispatch_table.copy() p.dispatch_table[SomeClass] = reduce_SomeClass
- Fast – The fast mode disables the usage of memo and speeds up the pickling process by not generating superfluous PUT opcodes.
- class pickle.Unpickler(file, *, fix_imports = True, encoding = “ASCII”, errors = “strict”)
This class takes a binary file for reading a pickle data stream.
- load() – This function is used to read a pickled object representation from the open file object file and return the reconstituted object hierarchy specified.
- persistent_load(pid) – This raises an UnpicklingError by default.
- find_class(module, name) – This function imports module if required and returns the object called name from it, where the module and name arguments are str objects.
What can be pickled and unpickled?
The following types can be pickled :
- None, True, and False
- integers, floating point numbers, complex numbers
- strings, bytes, bytearrays
- tuples, lists, sets, and dictionaries containing only picklable objects
- functions defined at the top level of a module (using def, not lambda)
- built-in functions defined at the top level of a module
- classes that are defined at the top level of a module
- instances of such classes whose __dict__ or the result of calling __getstate__() is picklable
Pickling Class Instances :
This section explains the general mechanisms available to define, customize, and control how class instances are pickled and unpickled.
No additional code is needed to make instances pickable. By default, pickle will retrieve the class and the attributes of an instance via introspection.
Classes can alter the default behaviour by providing one or several special methods :
- object.__getnewargs_ex__()
This method dictates the values passed to the __new__() method upon unpickling. The method must return a pair (args, kwargs) where args is a tuple of positional arguments and kwargs a dictionary of named arguments for constructing the object.
- object.__getnewargs__()
This method supports only positive arguments. It must return a tuple of arguments args which will be passed to the __new__() method upon unpickling.
- object.__getstate__()
If this method is defined by classes, it is called and the returned object is pickled as the contents for the instance, instead of the contents of the instance’s dictionary.
- object.__setstate__(state)
If this method is defined by classes, it is called with the unpickled state. The pickled state must be a dictionary and its items are assigned to the new instance’s dictionary.
- object.__reduce__()
The __reduce__() method takes no argument and shall return either a string or preferably a tuple.
- object.__reduce_ex__(protocol)
This method is similar to __reduce__ method. It takes a single integer argument. The main use for this method is to provide backwards-compatible reduce values for older Python releases.
Example : Handling Stateful Objects
This example shows how to modify pickling behavior for a class. The TextReader class opens a text file, and returns the line number and line contents each time its readline() method is called.
- If a TextReader instance is pickled, all attributes except the file object member are saved.
- When the instance is unpickled, the file is reopened, and reading resumes from the last location.
Python3
import pickleclass TextReader: """Print and number lines in a text file.""" def __init__(self, filename): self.filename = filename self.file = open(filename) self.lineno = 0 def readline(self): self.lineno + 1 line = self.file.readline() if not line: return None if line.endswith('\n'): line = line[:-1] return "%i: %s" % (self.lineno, line) def __getstate__(self): # Copy the object's state from self.__dict__ which contains # all our instance attributes. Always use the dict.copy() # method to avoid modifying the original state. state = self.__dict__.copy() # Remove the unpicklable entries. del state['file'] return state def __setstate__(self, state): # Restore instance attributes (i.e., filename and lineno). self.__dict__.update(state) # Restore the previously opened file's state. To do so, we need to # reopen it and read from it until the line count is restored. file = open(self.filename) for _ in range(self.lineno): file.readline() # Finally, save the file. self.file = file reader = TextReader("GeeksforLazyroar.txt")print(reader.readline())print(reader.readline())new_reader = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(reader))print(new_reader.readline()) |
Output :
0: hi Lazyroar!, this is line 1. 0: This is line 2. 0: hi Lazyroar!, this is line 1.
This article is contributed by Aditi Gupta. If you like Lazyroar and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using write.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the Lazyroar main page and help other Geeks.
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