Circular Doubly Linked List has properties of both Doubly Linked List and Circular Linked List in which two consecutive elements are linked or connected by previous and next pointer and the last node points to the first node by next pointer and also the first node points to the last node by the previous pointer. The program implements all the functions and operations that are possible on a doubly circular list following functions in a menu-driven program.
Approach: Each function (except display) takes the address of the pointer to the head i.e. the first element of the list. This allows us to change the address of the head pointer. The idea is the use only one pointer, which is of type node, to perform all the operations. node is the class that contains three data members. One member is of type int which stores data of the node and two members of type node*, one store’s address of next element and other stores address of the previous element. This way it is possible to traverse the list in either direction. It is possible to modify, insert, delete search for the element using a single pointer.
Functions Covered:
- void insert_front (node **head): This function allows the user to enter a new node at the front of the list.
- void insert_end (node **head): This function allows the user to enter a new node at the end of the list.
- void inser_after (node **head): This function allows the user to enter a new node after a node is entered by the user.
- void insert_before (node **head): This function allows the user to enter a new node before a node is entered by the user.
- void delete_front (node **head): This function allows the user to delete a node from the front of the list.
- void delete_end(node**head): This function allows the user to delete a node from the end of the list.
- void delete_mid( node **head): This function allows deletion of a node entered by the user.
- void search (node *head): Function to search for the location of the array entered by the user.
- void reverse (node **head): Function to reverse the list and make the last element of the list head.
- void display (node *head): Function to print the list.
Below is the C++ program to implement the above approach:
C++
// C++ program for the above approach#include <iostream>using namespace std;class node {public: node* next; node* prev; int data;};// Function to add the node at the front// of the doubly circular LLvoid insert_front(node** head){ // Function to insert node // in front of list cout << "\nEnter Data for New Node:"; // Create a new node named // new_node node* new_node = new node; // Enter data for new_node cin >> new_node->data; if (*head == NULL) { // If there is no node in // the list, create a node // pointing to itself and // make it head new_node->next = new_node; new_node->prev = new_node; *head = new_node; } else { // If there already exists // elements in the list // Next of new_node will point // to head new_node->next = *head; // prev of new_node will point // to prev of head new_node->prev = (*head)->prev; // next of prev of head i.e. next // of last node will point to // new_node ((*head)->prev)->next = new_node; // prev of head will point // to new_node (*head)->prev = new_node; // new_node will become the // head of list *head = new_node; }}// Function to add the node at the end// of the doubly circular LLvoid insert_end(node** head){ // Function to insert node at // last of list cout << "\nEnter Data for New Node:"; // Create new node node* new_node = new node; cin >> new_node->data; if (*head == NULL) { // If there is no element in the // list create a node pointing // to itself and make it head new_node->next = new_node; new_node->prev = new_node; *head = new_node; } else { // If there are elements in the // list then create a temp node // pointing to current element node* curr = *head; while (curr->next != *head) // Traverse till the end of // list curr = curr->next; // next of new_node will point to // next of current node new_node->next = curr->next; // prev of new_node will // point to current element new_node->prev = curr; // prev of next of current node // i.e. prev of head will point to // new_node (curr->next)->prev = new_node; // next of current node will // point to new_node curr->next = new_node; }}// Function to add the node after the// given node of doubly circular LLvoid insert_after(node** head){ // Function to enter a node after // the element entered by user // Create new node node* new_node = new node; cout << "\nEnter Data for New Node:"; cin >> new_node->data; if (*head == NULL) { // If there is no element in // the list then create a node // pointing to itself and make // it head cout << "\nThere is No element in the List"; cout << "\nCreating a new node"; new_node->prev = new_node; new_node->next = new_node; *head = new_node; } else { int num; // Ask user after which node new // node is to be inserted cout << "Enter After Element:"; cin >> num; // temp node to traverse list // and point to current element node* curr = *head; while (curr->data != num) { curr = curr->next; // If current becomes equal // to head i.e. if entire list // has been traversed then // element entered is not found // in list if (curr == *head) { cout << "\nEntered Element" << " Not Found in " "List\n"; return; } } // Control will reach here only if // element is found in list // next of new node will point to // next of current node new_node->next = curr->next; // prev of new node will // point to current node new_node->prev = curr; // prev of next of current node // will point to new node (curr->next)->prev = new_node; // next of current node will // point to new node curr->next = new_node; }}// Function to add the node before the// given node of doubly circular LLvoid insert_before(node** head){ // Function to enter node before // a node entered by the user node* new_node = new node; if (*head == NULL) { // If there is no element in the // list create new node and make // it head cout << "List is Empty!! Creating New node..."; cout << "\nEnter Data for New Node:"; cin >> new_node->data; new_node->prev = new_node; new_node->next = new_node; *head = new_node; } else { int num; // Ask user before which node // new node is to be inserted cout << "\nEnter Before Element:"; cin >> num; // If user wants to enter new node // before the first node i.e. // before head then call insert_front // function if ((*head)->data == num) insert_front(head); else { // temp node current for traversing // the list and point to current // element we assign curr to // *head->next this time because // data of head has already been // checked in previous condition node* curr = (*head)->next; while (curr->data != num) { if (curr == *head) { // If current equal head then // entire list has been traversed // and the entered element is not // found in list cout << "\nEntered Element Not Found " "in List!!\n"; return; } curr = curr->next; } cout << "\nEnter Data For New Node:"; cin >> new_node->data; // Control will reaach here only // if entered node exists in list // and current has found the element // next of new node will point to // current node new_node->next = curr; // prev of new node will point // to prev of current node new_node->prev = curr->prev; // next of prev of current node // will point to new node (curr->prev)->next = new_node; // prev of current will // point to new node curr->prev = new_node; } }}// Function to delete the front node// of doubly circular LLvoid delete_front(node** head){ // Function to delete a node // from front of list if (*head == NULL) { // If list is already empty // print a message cout << "\nList in empty!!\n"; } else if ((*head)->next == *head) { // If head is the only element // in the list delete head and // assign it to NULL delete *head; *head = NULL; } else { node* curr = new node; // temp node to save address // of node next to head curr = (*head)->next; // prev of temp will // point to prev of head curr->prev = (*head)->prev; // next of prev of head i.e. // next of last node will point // to temp ((*head)->prev)->next = curr; // delete head delete *head; // assign head to temp *head = curr; }}// Function to delete the end node// of doubly circular LLvoid delete_end(node** head){ // Function to delete a node // from end of list if (*head == NULL) { // If list is already empty // print a message cout << "\nList is Empty!!\n"; } else if ((*head)->next == *head) { // If head is the only element // in the list delete head and // assign it to NULL delete *head; *head = NULL; } else { // Create temporary node curr // to traverse list and point // to current element node* curr = new node; // Assign curr to head curr = *head; while (curr->next != (*head)) { // Traverse till end of list curr = curr->next; } // next of prev of curr will point // to next of curr (curr->prev)->next = curr->next; // prev of next of curr will point // to prev of curr (curr->next)->prev = curr->prev; // delete curr delete curr; }}// Function to delete the middle node// of doubly circular LLvoid delete_mid(node** head){ // Function to delete a node // entered by user if (*head == NULL) { // If list is already empty // print a message cout << "\nList is Empty!!!"; } else { cout << "\nEnter Element to be deleted:"; int num; cin >> num; if ((*head)->data == num) { // If user wants to delete // the head node i.e front // node call delete_front(head) // function delete_front(head); } else { // temp node to traverse list // and point to current node node* curr = (*head)->next; while ((curr->data) != num) { if (curr == (*head)) { // If curr equals head then // entire list has been // traversed element to be // deleted is not found cout << "\nEntered Element Not Found " "in List!!\n"; return; } curr = curr->next; } // control will reach here only // if element is found in the list // next of prev of curr will // point to next of curr (curr->prev)->next = curr->next; // prev of next of curr will // point to prev of curr (curr->next)->prev = curr->prev; delete curr; } }}// Function to search any node in the// doubly circular LLvoid search(node* head){ if (head == NULL) { // If head is null list is empty cout << "List is empty!!"; return; } int item; cout << "Enter item to be searched:"; // Ask user to enter item to // be searched cin >> item; // curr pointer is used to // traverse list it will point // to the current element node* curr = head; int index = 0, count = 0; do { // If data in curr is equal to item // to be searched print its position // index+1 if (curr->data == item) { cout << "\nItem found at position:" << index + 1; // increment count count++; } // Index will increment by 1 in // each iteration index++; curr = curr->next; } while (curr != head); // If count is still 0 that means // item is not found if (count == 0) cout << "Item searched not found in list";}// Function to reverse the doubly// circular Linked Listvoid reverse(node** head){ if (*head == NULL) { // If head is null list is empty cout << "List is Empty !!"; return; } // curr is used to traverse list node* curr = *head; while (curr->next != *head) { // use a temp node to store // address of next of curr node* temp = curr->next; // make next of curr to point // its previous curr->next = curr->prev; // make previous of curr to // point its next curr->prev = temp; // After each iteration move // to element which was earlier // next of curr curr = temp; } // Update the last node separately node* temp = curr->next; curr->next = curr->prev; curr->prev = temp; // only change is this node will now // become head *head = curr;}// Function to display the doubly// circular linked listvoid display(node* head){ node* curr = head; if (curr == NULL) cout << "\n List is Empty!!"; else { do { cout << curr->data << "->"; curr = curr->next; } while (curr != head); }}void display_menu(){ cout << "==============================================" "======================"; cout << "\nMenu:\n"; cout << "1. Insert At Front\n"; cout << "2. Insert At End\n"; cout << "3. Insert After Element\n"; cout << "4. Insert Before Element\n"; cout << "5. Delete From Front\n"; cout << "6. Delete From End\n"; cout << "7. Delete A Node\n"; cout << "8. Search for a element\n"; cout << "9. Reverse a the list\n"; cout << "==============================================" "======================";}// Driver Codeint main(){ int choice; char repeat_menu = 'y'; // Declaration of head node node* head = NULL; display_menu(); do { cout << "\nEnter Your Choice:"; cin >> choice; switch (choice) { case 1: { insert_front(&head); display(head); break; } case 2: { insert_end(&head); display(head); break; } case 3: { insert_after(&head); display(head); break; } case 4: { insert_before(&head); display(head); break; } case 5: { delete_front(&head); display(head); break; } case 6: { delete_end(&head); display(head); break; } case 7: { delete_mid(&head); display(head); break; } case 8: { search(head); break; } case 9: { reverse(&head); display(head); break; } default: { cout << "\nWrong Choice!!!"; display_menu(); break; } } cout << "\nEnter More(Y/N)"; cin >> repeat_menu; } while (repeat_menu == 'y' || repeat_menu == 'Y'); return 0;} |
Python3
# Python program for the above approachclass Node: def __init__(self,data): self.data = data self.prev = None self.next = None # Function to add the node at the front# of the doubly circular LLdef insert_front(head): # Function to insert node in front of list print("Enter Data for New Node: ") # Create a new node named new_node new_node = Node(int(input())) if head == None: # If there is no node in # the list, create a node # pointing to itself and # make it head new_node.next = new_node new_node.prev = new_node head = new_node else: # If there already exists # elements in the list # Next of new_node will point # to head new_node.next = head # prev of new_node will point # to prev of head new_node.prev = head.prev # next of prev of head i.e. next # of last node will point to # new_node new_node.prev.next = new_node # prev of head will point # to new_node head.prev = new_node # new_node will become the # head of list head = new_node# Function to add the node at the end# of the doubly circular LLdef insert_end(head): # Function to insert node at # last of list print("Enter Data for New Node: ") # Create new node new_node = None(int(input())) if (head == None): # If there is no element in the # list create a node pointing # to itself and make it head new_node.next = new_node new_node.prev = new_node head = new_node else: # If there are elements in the # list then create a temp node # pointing to current element curr = head while (curr.next != head): # Traverse till the end of # list curr = curr.next # next of new_node will point to # next of current node new_node.next = curr.next # prev of new_node will # point to current element new_node.prev = curr # prev of next of current node # i.e. prev of head will point to # new_node curr.next.prev = new_node # next of current node will # point to new_node curr.next = new_node# Function to add the node after the# given node of doubly circular LLdef insert_after(head): # Function to enter a node after # the element entered by user # Create new node new_node = Node(int(input("Enter Data for New Node: "))) if (head == None): # If there is no element in # the list then create a node # pointing to itself and make # it head print("There is No element in the List") print("Creating a new node") new_node.prev = new_node new_node.next = new_node head = new_node else: # Ask user after which node new # node is to be inserted num = int(input("Enter After Element:")) # temp node to traverse list # and point to current element curr = head while (curr.data != num): curr = curr.next # If current becomes equal # to head i.e. if entire list # has been traversed then # element entered is not found # in list if (curr == head): print("Entered Element Not Found in List") return # Control will reach here only if # element is found in list # next of new node will point to # next of current node new_node.next = curr.next # prev of new node will # point to current node new_node.prev = curr # prev of next of current node # will point to new node curr.next.prev = new_node # next of current node will # point to new node curr.next = new_node # Function to add the node before the# given node of doubly circular LLdef insert_before(head): # Function to enter node before # a node entered by the user if (head == None) : # If there is no element in the # list create new node and make # it head print("List is Empty!! Creating New node...") new_node = Node(int(input("Enter Data for New Node:"))) new_node.prev = new_node new_node.next = new_node head = new_node else : # Ask user before which node # new node is to be inserted num = int(input("Enter Before Element: ")) # If user wants to enter new node # before the first node i.e. # before head then call insert_front # function if (head.data == num): insert_front(head) else : # temp node current for traversing # the list and point to current # element we assign curr to # head.next this time because # data of head has already been # checked in previous condition curr = head.next while (curr.data != num): if (curr == head): # If current equal head then # entire list has been traversed # and the entered element is not # found in list print("Entered Element Not Found in List!!") return curr = curr.next new_node = Node(int(input("Enter Data For New Node: "))) # Control will reaach here only # if entered node exists in list # and current has found the element # next of new node will point to # current node new_node.next = curr # prev of new node will point # to prev of current node new_node.prev = curr.prev # next of prev of current node # will point to new node curr.prev.next = new_node # prev of current will # point to new node curr.prev = new_node # Function to delete the front node# of doubly circular LLdef delete_front(head): # Function to delete a node # from front of list if (head == None): # If list is already empty # print a message print("List in empty!!") elif (head.next == head): # If head is the only element # in the list delete head and # assign it to None head = None else : # temp node to save address # of node next to head curr = head.next # prev of temp will # point to prev of head curr.prev = head.prev # next of prev of head i.e. # next of last node will point # to temp head.prev.next = curr # delete head head = None # assign head to temp head = curr # Function to delete the end node# of doubly circular LLdef delete_end(head): # Function to delete a node # from end of list if (head == None): # If list is already empty # print a message print("List is Empty!!") elif (head.next == head) : # If head is the only element # in the list delete head and # assign it to None head = None else : # Create temporary node curr # to traverse list and point # to current element # Assign curr to head curr = head while (curr.next != head) : # Traverse till end of list curr = curr.next # next of prev of curr will point # to next of curr (curr.prev).next = curr.next # prev of next of curr will point # to prev of curr (curr.next).prev = curr.prev # delete curr curr = None # Function to delete the middle node# of doubly circular LLdef delete_mid(head): # Function to delete a node # entered by user if (head == None): # If list is already empty # print a message print("List is Empty!!!") else: num = int(input("Enter Element to be deleted: ")) if (head.data == num): # If user wants to delete # the head node i.e front # node call delete_front(head) # function delete_front(head) else: # temp node to traverse list # and point to current node curr = head.next while (curr.data != num) : if (curr == head): # If curr equals head then # entire list has been # traversed element to be # deleted is not found print("Entered Element Not Found in List!!") return curr = curr.next # control will reach here only # if element is found in the list # next of prev of curr will # point to next of curr curr.prev.next = curr.next # prev of next of curr will # point to prev of curr curr.next.prev = curr.prev curr = None # Function to search any node in the# doubly circular LLdef search(head): if (head == None) : # If head is None list is empty print("List is empty!!") return # Ask user to enter item to # be searched item = int(input("Enter item to be searched: ")) # curr pointer is used to # traverse list it will point # to the current element curr = head.next index = 0 count = 0 if item == head.data: print("Item found at position:",1) while (curr != head): # If data in curr is equal to item # to be searched print its position # index+1 if (curr.data == item) : print("Item found at position:",index + 1) # increment count count += 1 # Index will increment by 1 in # each iteration index += 1 curr = curr.next # If count is still 0 that means # item is not found if (count == 0): print("Item searched not found in list") # Function to reverse the doubly# circular Linked Listdef reverse(head): if (head == None): # If head is None list is empty print("List is Empty !!") return # curr is used to traverse list curr = head while (curr.next != head): # use a temp node to store # address of next of curr temp = curr.next # make next of curr to point # its previous curr.next = curr.prev # make previous of curr to # point its next curr.prev = temp # After each iteration move # to element which was earlier # next of curr curr = temp # Update the last node separately temp = curr.next curr.next = curr.prev curr.prev = temp # only change is this node will now # become head head = curr # Function to display the doubly# circular linked listdef display(head): curr = head.next if (curr == None): print("List is Empty!!") else : print(head.data,'.') while (curr != head): print(curr.data,".") curr = curr.next def display_menu(): print("====================================================================") print("Menu:") print("1. Insert At Front") print("2. Insert At End") print("3. Insert After Element") print("4. Insert Before Element") print("5. Delete From Front") print("6. Delete From End") print("7. Delete A Node") print("8. Search for a element") print("9. Reverse a the list") print("====================================================================")# Driver Codechoice = 0repeat_menu = 'y'# Declaration of head nodehead = Nonedisplay_menu() while (repeat_menu == 'y' or repeat_menu == 'Y'): choice = int(input("Enter Your Choice: ")) if choice == 1: insert_front(head) display(head) elif choice == 2: insert_end(head) display(head) elif choice == 3: insert_after(head) display(head) elif choice == 4: insert_before(head) display(head) elif choice == 5: delete_front(head) display(head) elif choice == 6: delete_end(head) display(head) elif choice == 7: delete_mid(head) display(head) elif choice == 8: search(head) elif choice == 9: reverse(head) display(head) else: print("Wrong Choice!!!") display_menu() repeat_menu = input("Enter More(Y/N)") |
Output:
1. void insert_front (node **head):
2. void insert_end (node **head):
3. void insert_after (node **head):
4. void insert_before (node **head):
5. void delete_front (node **head):
6. void delete_end (node **head):
7. void delete_mid (node **head):
8. void search (node *head):
9. void reverse (node **head):
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