Python
# Set up the game board as a listboard = ["-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-"]# Define a function to print the game boarddef print_board(): print(board[0] + " | " + board[1] + " | " + board[2]) print(board[3] + " | " + board[4] + " | " + board[5]) print(board[6] + " | " + board[7] + " | " + board[8])# Define a function to handle a player's turndef take_turn(player): print(player + "'s turn.") position = input("Choose a position from 1-9: ") while position not in ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]: position = input("Invalid input. Choose a position from 1-9: ") position = int(position) - 1 while board[position] != "-": position = int(input("Position already taken. Choose a different position: ")) - 1 board[position] = player print_board()# Define a function to check if the game is overdef check_game_over(): # Check for a win if (board[0] == board[1] == board[2] != "-") or \ (board[3] == board[4] == board[5] != "-") or \ (board[6] == board[7] == board[8] != "-") or \ (board[0] == board[3] == board[6] != "-") or \ (board[1] == board[4] == board[7] != "-") or \ (board[2] == board[5] == board[8] != "-") or \ (board[0] == board[4] == board[8] != "-") or \ (board[2] == board[4] == board[6] != "-"): return "win" # Check for a tie elif "-" not in board: return "tie" # Game is not over else: return "play"# Define the main game loopdef play_game(): print_board() current_player = "X" game_over = False while not game_over: take_turn(current_player) game_result = check_game_over() if game_result == "win": print(current_player + " wins!") game_over = True elif game_result == "tie": print("It's a tie!") game_over = True else: # Switch to the other player current_player = "O" if current_player == "X" else "X"# Start the gameplay_game() |
Rules of the Game
- The game is to be played between two people (in this program between HUMAN and COMPUTER).
- One of the player chooses ‘O’ and the other ‘X’ to mark their respective cells.
- The game starts with one of the players and the game ends when one of the players has one whole row/ column/ diagonal filled with his/her respective character (‘O’ or ‘X’).
- If no one wins, then the game is said to be draw.
Implementation In our program the moves taken by the computer and the human are chosen randomly. We use rand() function for this. What more can be done in the program? The program is in not played optimally by both sides because the moves are chosen randomly. The program can be easily modified so that both players play optimally (which will fall under the category of Artificial Intelligence). Also the program can be modified such that the user himself gives the input (using scanf() or cin). The above changes are left as an exercise to the readers. Winning Strategy – An Interesting Fact If both the players play optimally then it is destined that you will never lose (“although the match can still be drawn”). It doesn’t matter whether you play first or second.In another ways – “ Two expert players will always draw ”. Isn’t this interesting ?
Implementation In our program the moves taken by the computer and the human are chosen randomly. We use rand() function for this. What more can be done in the program? The program is in not played optimally by both sides because the moves are chosen randomly. The program can be easily modified so that both players play optimally (which will fall under the category of Artificial Intelligence). Also the program can be modified such that the user himself gives the input (using scanf() or cin). The above changes are left as an exercise to the readers. Winning Strategy – An Interesting Fact If both the players play optimally then it is destined that you will never lose (“although the match can still be drawn”). It doesn’t matter whether you play first or second.In another ways – “ Two expert players will always draw ”. Isn’t this interesting ? Cpp
// A C++ Program to play tic-tac-toe#include<bits/stdc++.h>using namespace std;#define COMPUTER 1#define HUMAN 2#define SIDE 3 // Length of the board// Computer will move with 'O'// and human with 'X'#define COMPUTERMOVE 'O'#define HUMANMOVE 'X'// A function to show the current board statusvoid showBoard(char board[][SIDE]){ printf("\n\n"); printf("\t\t\t %c | %c | %c \n", board[0][0], board[0][1], board[0][2]); printf("\t\t\t--------------\n"); printf("\t\t\t %c | %c | %c \n", board[1][0], board[1][1], board[1][2]); printf("\t\t\t--------------\n"); printf("\t\t\t %c | %c | %c \n\n", board[2][0], board[2][1], board[2][2]); return;}// A function to show the instructionsvoid showInstructions(){ printf("\t\t\t Tic-Tac-Toe\n\n"); printf("Choose a cell numbered from 1 to 9 as below" " and play\n\n"); printf("\t\t\t 1 | 2 | 3 \n"); printf("\t\t\t--------------\n"); printf("\t\t\t 4 | 5 | 6 \n"); printf("\t\t\t--------------\n"); printf("\t\t\t 7 | 8 | 9 \n\n"); printf("-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\n\n"); return;}// A function to initialise the game void initialise(char board[][SIDE], int moves[]){ // Initiate the random number generator so that // the same configuration doesn't arises srand(time(NULL)); // Initially the board is empty for (int i=0; i<SIDE; i++) { for (int j=0; j<SIDE; j++) board[i][j] = ' '; } // Fill the moves with numbers for (int i=0; i<SIDE*SIDE; i++) moves[i] = i; // randomise the moves random_shuffle(moves, moves + SIDE*SIDE); return;}// A function to declare the winner of the gamevoid declareWinner(int whoseTurn){ if (whoseTurn == COMPUTER) printf("COMPUTER has won\n"); else printf("HUMAN has won\n"); return;}// A function that returns true if any of the row// is crossed with the same player's movebool rowCrossed(char board[][SIDE]){ for (int i=0; i<SIDE; i++) { if (board[i][0] == board[i][1] && board[i][1] == board[i][2] && board[i][0] != ' ') return (true); } return(false);}// A function that returns true if any of the column// is crossed with the same player's movebool columnCrossed(char board[][SIDE]){ for (int i=0; i<SIDE; i++) { if (board[0][i] == board[1][i] && board[1][i] == board[2][i] && board[0][i] != ' ') return (true); } return(false);}// A function that returns true if any of the diagonal// is crossed with the same player's movebool diagonalCrossed(char board[][SIDE]){ if (board[0][0] == board[1][1] && board[1][1] == board[2][2] && board[0][0] != ' ') return(true); if (board[0][2] == board[1][1] && board[1][1] == board[2][0] && board[0][2] != ' ') return(true); return(false);}// A function that returns true if the game is over// else it returns a falsebool gameOver(char board[][SIDE]){ return(rowCrossed(board) || columnCrossed(board) || diagonalCrossed(board) );}// A function to play Tic-Tac-Toevoid playTicTacToe(int whoseTurn){ // A 3*3 Tic-Tac-Toe board for playing char board[SIDE][SIDE]; int moves[SIDE*SIDE]; // Initialise the game initialise(board, moves); // Show the instructions before playing showInstructions(); int moveIndex = 0, x, y; // Keep playing till the game is over or it is a draw while (gameOver(board) == false && moveIndex != SIDE*SIDE) { if (whoseTurn == COMPUTER) { x = moves[moveIndex] / SIDE; y = moves[moveIndex] % SIDE; board[x][y] = COMPUTERMOVE; printf("COMPUTER has put a %c in cell %d\n", COMPUTERMOVE, moves[moveIndex]+1); showBoard(board); moveIndex ++; whoseTurn = HUMAN; } else if (whoseTurn == HUMAN) { x = moves[moveIndex] / SIDE; y = moves[moveIndex] % SIDE; board[x][y] = HUMANMOVE; printf ("HUMAN has put a %c in cell %d\n", HUMANMOVE, moves[moveIndex]+1); showBoard(board); moveIndex ++; whoseTurn = COMPUTER; } } // If the game has drawn if (gameOver(board) == false && moveIndex == SIDE * SIDE) printf("It's a draw\n"); else { // Toggling the user to declare the actual // winner if (whoseTurn == COMPUTER) whoseTurn = HUMAN; else if (whoseTurn == HUMAN) whoseTurn = COMPUTER; // Declare the winner declareWinner(whoseTurn); } return;}// Driver programint main(){ // Let us play the game with COMPUTER starting first playTicTacToe(COMPUTER); return (0);} |
- Output:
Tic-Tac-Toe
Choose a cell numbered from 1 to 9 as below and play
1 | 2 | 3
--------------
4 | 5 | 6
--------------
7 | 8 | 9
- - - - - - - - - -
COMPUTER has put a O in cell 6
| |
--------------
| | O
--------------
| |
HUMAN has put a X in cell 7
| |
--------------
| | O
--------------
X | |
COMPUTER has put a O in cell 5
| |
--------------
| O | O
--------------
X | |
HUMAN has put a X in cell 1
X | |
--------------
| O | O
--------------
X | |
COMPUTER has put a O in cell 9
X | |
--------------
| O | O
--------------
X | | O
HUMAN has put a X in cell 8
X | |
--------------
| O | O
--------------
X | X | O
COMPUTER has put a O in cell 4
X | |
--------------
O | O | O
--------------
X | X | O
COMPUTER has won
- An Interesting Variant of this game As said above, if two experienced players are playing the Tic-Tac-Toe, then the game will always draw. There is another viral variant of this game- Ultimate Tic-Tac-Toe, which aims to make the normal Tic-Tac-Toe more interesting and less predictable. Have a look at the game here- Link1 Link2 The above article implements simple Tic-Tac-Toe where moves are randomly made. Please refer below article to see how optimal moves are made. Minimax Algorithm in Game Theory | Set 3 (Tic-Tac-Toe AI – Finding optimal move) Great discussions on the “winning/never losing” strategy Quora Wikihow This article is contributed by Rachit Belwariar .If you like neveropen and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using write.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to review-team@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the neveropen main page and help other Geeks. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.
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