Python has various database drivers for PostgreSQL. Current most used version is psycopg2. It fully implements the Python DB-API 2.0 specification. The psycopg2 provides many useful features such as client-side and server-side cursors, asynchronous notification and communication, COPY command support, etc.
Installation
Install the psycopg2 module :
pip install psycopg2
For logging the information about the commands, we need to install logtopg:
pip install logtopg
Application
- Information gathering
- Troubleshooting
- Generating statistics
- Auditing
- Profiling
Logging levels and their purpose
| Level | Purpose |
|---|---|
| DEBUG | Detailed information, typically of interest only when diagnosing problems. |
| INFO | Confirmation that things are working as expected. |
| WARNING | An indication that something unexpected happened, or indicative of some problem in the near future (e.g. ‘disk space low’). The software is still working as expected. |
| ERROR | Due to a more serious problem, the software has not been able to perform some function. |
| CRITICAL | A serious error, indicating that the program itself may be unable to continue running. |
All loggers are descendants of the root logger. The root logger always has an explicit level set, which is WARNING by default. Root logger can be used to easily turn all loggers from all libraries on and off.
Logger information display
| Level | Display |
|---|---|
| debug | Should only appear in the file |
| info | Should appear in file |
| warning | Should appear in file and stdout |
| error | Should appear in file and stdout |
| critical | Should appear in file and stdout |
To understand logging better here is a simple code without connecting to PostgreSQL, which just displays messages in console.
Example:
Python3
import logging # This will be printed only in file logging.debug('This is a debug message') # This will be printed only in file logging.info('This is an info message') logging.warning('This is a warning message') logging.error('This is an error message') logging.critical('This is a critical message') |
Output:
Root logger was used and only three messages were written. This is because by default, only messages with level warning and up are written.
Given below is one more example to understand logging levels. The logging level is set with setLevel().
Example 1:
Python3
import logging # The getLogger() returns a logger with the specified name. # If name is None, it returns the root logger. logger = logging.getLogger('dev') # Level is set logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) logger.debug('This is a debug message') logger.info('This is an info message') logger.warning('This is a warning message via setLevel') logger.error('This is an error message via setLevel') logger.critical('This is a critical message via setLevel') |
Output :
getLogger and setLevel
Example 2 :
“mylib.py” should be in the same directory where “sample.py” exists and also the created file “myapp.log” will be present in the same directory where mylib.py and sample.py present
mylib.py
Python3
#Let this program name be mylib.py import logging def from_mylib(): logging.info('I am from mylib') |
Let us use mylib.py in another code
sample.py
Python3
#logging module is required to log information import logging # User created python code and should be in same directory import mylib def main(): # As we have specified myapp.log, all log information will be there # logging.INFO is the level, it will get printed logging.basicConfig(filename='myapp.log', level=logging.INFO) logging.info('Started to print logger info') # calling mylib method here as have imported. It should be # in same directory mylib.from_mylib() logging.info('Finished logging the information!!!') # Main code if __name__ == '__main__': main() |
Output of myapp.log (that is created in the same directory where mylib.py and sample.py) present
myapp.log contents
Example 3:
This example discusses interaction with PostgreSQL with database. pgAdmin or psql are the client tools one can used to log into the PostgreSQL database server.
DATABASE NAME: testdb
TABLE NAME: employee
Python3
import logging import psycopg2 from psycopg2.extras import LoggingConnection logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG) logger = logging.getLogger("loggerinformation") # We need to specify the necessary parameters in the below list # As connecting with postgres/password as username/password and with testdb as parameters db_settings = { "user": "postgres", "password": "password", "host": "127.0.0.1", "database": "testdb", } # connect to the PostgreSQL server conn = psycopg2.connect(connection_factory=LoggingConnection, **db_settings) conn.initialize(logger) cur = conn.cursor() cur.execute("SELECT * FROM employee") |
Output :
Example 4:
Python3
import logging import psycopg2 from psycopg2.extras import LoggingConnection logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG) logger = logging.getLogger("loggerinformation") db_settings = { "user": "postgres", "password": "password", "host": "127.0.0.1", "database": "testdb", } conn = psycopg2.connect(connection_factory=LoggingConnection, **db_settings) conn.initialize(logger) cur = conn.cursor() cur.execute("SELECT * FROM employee") # insert records in employee table cur.execute( "INSERT INTO employee (first_name,last_name,age,gender,income) VALUES ('123','456',20,'m',20000)") |
Output:
select and insert query log
