Clustering is one of the toughest modelling techniques.
It takes not only sound technical knowledge, but also good understanding of business. We have split this topic into two articles because of the complexity of the topic. As the technique is very subjective in nature, getting the basics right is very critical.
This article will take you through the basics of clustering. The next article will get into finer details of the technique and identify certain scenarios where the technique fails. The article will also introduce to a simple method to counter such scenarios.
[stextbox id=”section”]What is clustering analysis?[/stextbox]
Clustering analysis is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense or another) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters). Following figure is an example of finding clusters of US population based on their income and debt :
It is one of the subjective modelling technique widely used in the industry. One of the examples of common Clustering usage is segmenting customer portfolio based on demographics, transaction behavior or other behavioral attributes.
[stextbox id=”section”]Why do we need clustering ?[/stextbox]
Analytics industry is dominated by objective modelling like decision tree and regression. If decision tree is capable of doing segmentation, do we even need such an open ended technique? The answer to this question is in one of the advantages of using clustering technique. Clustering generates natural clusters and is not dependent on any driving objective function. Hence such a cluster can be used to analyze the portfolio on different target attributes. For instance, say a decision tree is built on customer profitability in next 3 months. This segmentation cannot be used for making retention strategy for each segment. If segmentation were developed through clustering, both retention and profitability strategy can be built on these segments.
Hence, clustering is a technique generally used to do initial profiling of the portfolio. After having a good understanding of the portfolio, an objective modelling technique is used to build specific strategy.
[stextbox id=”section”]Industry standard techniques for clustering :[/stextbox]
There are a number of algorithm for generating clusters in statistics. But we will discuss in detail only two such techniques which are widely used in the industry. These techniques are as follows :
1. Hierarchical Clustering : This technique operate on the simplest principle, which is data-point closer to base point will behave more similar compared to a data-point which is far from base point. For instance, a , b ,c, d, e,f are 6 students, and we wish to group them into clusters.
Hierarchical Clustering will sequentially group these students and we can stop the process at any number of clusters we want. Following is an illustrative chain of clustering :
Hence, if we want 3 clusters, a , bc and def are the required clusters. So far so simple. The technique uses the very basic of clustering and is, therefore, a very stable technique.
The only problem with the technique is that it is able to only handle small number of data-points and is very time consuming. This is because it tries to calculate the distance between all possible combination and then takes one decision to combine two groups/individual data-point.
2. k-means Clustering : This technique is more frequently used in analytics industry as it is able to handle large number of data points. FASTCLUS is an algorithm used by SAS to generate k-means cluster. Lets try to analyze how it works.
As can be seen from the figure above, we start with a definite number for the number of required cluster (in this case k=2). The algorithm takes 2 random seeds and maps all other data points to these two seeds. The algorithm re-iterates till the overall penalty term is minimized.
When we compare the two techniques, we find that the Hierarchical Clustering starts with individual data-points and sequentially club them to find the final cluster whereas k-means Clustering starts from some initial cluster and then tries to reassign data-points to k clusters to minimize the total penalty term. Hence for large number of data-points, k-means uses far lesser iterations then Hierarchical Clustering.
[stextbox id=”section”]Steps to perform cluster analysis:[/stextbox]
Having discussed what is clustering and its types, lets apply these concepts on a business case. Following is a simple case we will try to solve :
US bank X wants to understand the profile of its customer base to build targeted campaigns.
Step 1 – Hypothesis building : This is the most crucial step of the whole exercise. Try to identify all possible variables that can help segment the portfolio regardless of its availability. Lets try to come up with a list for this example.
a. Customer balance with bank X
b. Number of transaction done in last 1/3/6/12 months
c. Balance change in last 1/3/6/12 months
d. Demographics of the customer
e. Customer total balance with all US banks
The list is just for illustrative purpose. In real scenario this list will be much longer.
Step 2 – Initial shortlist of variable : Once we have all possible variable, start selecting variable as per the data availability. Lets say, for the current example we have only data for Customer balance with bank X and Customer total balance with all US banks (total balance)
Step 3 – Visualize the data : It is very important to know the population spread across the selected variable before starting any analysis. For the current scenario, the exercise becomes simpler as the number of selected variables is only 2. Following is a scatter plot between total balance and Bank X balance (origin taken as mean of both the variables):
This visualization helps me to identify clusters which I can expect after the final analysis. Here, we can see there are four clear clusters in four quadrants. We can expect the same result in the final solution.
Step 4 – Data cleaning : Cluster analysis is very sensitive to outliers. It is very important to clean data on all variables taken into consideration. There are two industry standard ways to do this exercise :
1. Remove the outliers : (Not recommended in case the total data-points are low in number) We remove the data-points beyond mean +/- 3*standard deviation.
2. Capping and flouring of variables : (Recommended approach) We cap and flour all data-points at 1 and 99 percentile.
Lets use the second approach for this case.
Step 4 – Variable clustering : This step is performed to cluster variables capturing similar attributes in data. And choosing only one variable from each variable cluster will not drop the sepration drastically compared to considering all variables. Remember, the idea is to take minimum number of variables to justify the seperation to make the analysis easier and less time consuming. You can simply use Proc VARCLUS to generate these clusters.
Step 5 – Clustering : We can use any of the two technique discussed in the article depending on the number of observation. k-means is used for a bigger samples. Run a proc fastclus with k=4 (which is apparent from the visualization).
As we can see, the algorithm found 4 clusters which were already apparent in the visualization. In most business cases the number of variables will be much larger and such visualization won’t be possible and hence
Step 6 – Convergence of clusters : A good cluster analysis has all clusters with population between 5-30% of the overall base. Say, my total number of customer for bank X is 10000. The minimum and maximum size of any cluster should be 500 and 3000. If any of the cluster is beyond the limit than repeat the procedure with additional number of variables. We will discuss in detail about other convergence criterion in the next article.
Step 7 – Profiling of the clusters : After validating the convergence of cluster analysis, we need to identify behavior of each cluster. Lets say we map age and income to each of the four clusters and get following results :
Now is the time to build story around each cluster. Lets take any two cluster and analyze.
Cluster 1 : (High Potential Low balance customer) These customers do have high balance in aggregate but low balance with bank X. Hence, they are high potential customer with low current balance. Also the average salary is on a higher side which validates our hypothesis of customer being high potential.
Cluster 3 : (High Potential high balance customers) Even though the salary and total balance in aggregate is on a lower side, we see a lower average age. This indicates that the customer has a high potential to increase their balance with bank X.
[stextbox id=”section”]Final notes :[/stextbox]
As we saw, using clusters we can understand the portfolio in a better way. We can also build targeted strategy using the profiles of each cluster. In the Part 2 of this article we will discuss following :
1. When is cluster analysis said to be conclusive?
2. Different scenarios in which each of the two techniques dominate?
3. When do both techniques fail?
4. Step by step solution in a scenario when both the techniques fail.
When do you use unsupervised modelling techniques? Do you use any other method for clustering often? What challenges do you face while building clusters? Do let us know your thoughts in comments below.
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Tavish Srivastava, co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of Analytics Vidhya, is an IIT Madras graduate and a passionate data-science professional with 8+ years of diverse experience in markets including the US, India and Singapore, domains including Digital Acquisitions, Customer Servicing and Customer Management, and industry including Retail Banking, Credit Cards and Insurance. He is fascinated by the idea of artificial intelligence inspired by human intelligence and enjoys every discussion, theory or even movie related to this idea.
