Background
Following are important facts about functions in Python that are useful to understand decorator functions.
- In Python, we can define a function inside another function.
- In Python, a function can be passed as parameter to another function (a function can also return another function).
Python
# A Python program to demonstrate that a function# can be defined inside another function and a# function can be passed as parameter.# Adds a welcome message to the stringdef messageWithWelcome(str): # Nested function def addWelcome(): return "Welcome to " # Return concatenation of addWelcome() # and str. return addWelcome() + str# To get site name to which welcome is addeddef site(site_name): return site_nameprint messageWithWelcome(site("Lazyroar")) |
Output:
Welcome to Lazyroar
Function DecoratorA decorator is a function that takes a function as its only parameter and returns a function. This is helpful to “wrap” functionality with the same code over and over again. For example, above code can be re-written as following. We use @func_name to specify a decorator to be applied on another function.
Python
# Adds a welcome message to the string# returned by fun(). Takes fun() as# parameter and returns welcome().def decorate_message(fun): # Nested function def addWelcome(site_name): return "Welcome to " + fun(site_name) # Decorator returns a function return addWelcome@decorate_messagedef site(site_name): return site_name;# Driver code# This call is equivalent to call to# decorate_message() with function# site("Lazyroar") as parameterprint site("Lazyroar") |
Output:
Welcome to Lazyroar
Decorators can also be useful to attach data (or add attribute) to functions.
Python
# A Python example to demonstrate that# decorators can be useful attach data# A decorator function to attach# data to funcdef attach_data(func): func.data = 3 return func@attach_datadef add (x, y): return x + y# Driver code# This call is equivalent to attach_data()# with add() as parameterprint(add(2, 3))print(add.data) |
Output:
5 3
‘add()’ returns sum of x and y passed as arguments but it is wrapped by a decorator function, calling add(2, 3) would simply give sum of two numbers but when we call add.data then ‘add’ function is passed into then decorator function ‘attach_data’ as argument and this function returns ‘add’ function with an attribute ‘data’ that is set to 3 and hence prints it. Python decorators are a powerful tool to remove redundancy. Please refer Decorators in Python for more details. This article is contributed by Shwetanshu Rohatgi. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above
using add function:
Approach:
In the code above, log_decorator is the decorator function that takes the add function as an argument. It returns a new function called wrapper, which adds logging before and after calling add. The @log_decorator syntax is a shorthand way of applying the log_decorator function to the add function. When we call add, the logging statements will be printed to the console.
Python3
def log_decorator(func): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): print(f"Calling {func.__name__} with args={args} kwargs={kwargs}") result = func(*args, **kwargs) print(f"{func.__name__} returned {result}") return result return wrapper@log_decoratordef add(a, b): return a + bresult = add(2, 3) |
Calling add with args=(2, 3) kwargs={}
add returned 5
Time complexity : O(1)
Auxiliary Space : O(n)
