exec() function is used for the dynamic execution of Python programs which can either be a string or object code. If it is a string, the string is parsed as a suite of Python statements which is then executed unless a syntax error occurs and if it is an object code, it is simply executed. We must be careful that the return statements may not be used outside of function definitions not even within the context of code passed to the exec() function. It doesn’t return any value, hence returns None.
Syntax:
exec(object[, globals[, locals]])
It can take three parameters:
- object: As already said this can be a string or object code
- globals: This can be a dictionary and the parameter is optional
- locals: This can be a mapping object and is also optional
Now let’s see how this function works. In the following code, we have used an object code and executed it using exec() function. We have just taken the object parameter and omitted the other two fields.
Example:
Python3
prog = 'print("The sum of 5 and 10 is", (5+10))'exec(prog) |
The sum of 5 and 10 is 15
Warning or Limitations
Before using any methods inside the exec() function one must keep in mind about what all functions do exec() support. To view this we may use dir() function.
Example:
Python3
# The math class is used to include all the# math functionsfrom math import *exec("print(dir())") |
['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']
Global and Local Parameters
Python allows us to restrict the use of various variables and methods by the use of global and local parameters, which might not be needed. These local and global parameters are used for local or global variables mainly dictionaries. The global parameter overtakes if the local is missing which means global can be used for both fields. Let’s see how the code works on passing only the global parameter.
Example:
Python3
# Here we have passed an empty dictionaryfrom math import *exec("print(dir())", {}) |
['__builtins__']
So we see that on passing an empty dictionary as a global parameter, only the __builtins__ is displayed and no other math functions are displayed as in the previous example. This means that only the __builtins__ will be supported for the object parameter. This suggests that all other functions are restricted on the object. To prove it let’s try to work with a math function and see what happens.
Example:
Python3
# An exception will be raisedfrom math import *exec("print(factorial(5))", {}) |
This example should have printed 120 as output but instead, it displays No Output and raises an exception. Although, we have imported the math module the factorial() method failed to work because of restrictions we have set by passing the global parameter.
We can also allow a few of the many functions to execute. Suppose we want all other math modules to be restricted except the factorial() function.
Example:
Python3
# factorial() will be executedfrom math import *exec("print(factorial(5))", {"factorial":factorial}) |
120
We can also change the name of these predefined methods and give them user-defined name during execution. We can change the name of the function from factorial() to fact(), which is user-defined.
Example:
Python3
# factorial() renamed as factfrom math import *exec('print(fact(5))', {'fact': factorial}) |
120
Now let’s see what else can we do on passing both the global and local parameters. Using local parameters we can implement the functions according to our needs.
Example:
Python3
from math import *exec("print(dir())", {"built" : __builtins__}, {"sum": sum, "iter": iter}) |
['iter', 'sum']
Through this, only the sum, and iter methods along with all the built-in methods can be executed inside exec() function.
We can also restrict the use of __builtins__ like this:
Python3
#__builtins__ has been restricted using Nonefrom math import *exec("print(dir())", {"__builtins__" : None}, {"sum": sum, "print": print, "dir": dir}) |
['dir', 'print', 'sum']
Here only the sum, print, and dir methods will be executed inside exec() function and not all built-in methods.
This article is contributed by Chinmoy Lenka. If you like Lazyroar and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using write.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to review-team@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the Lazyroar main page and help other Geeks.
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