In Go language, defer statements delay the execution of the function or method or an anonymous method until the nearby functions returns. In other words, defer function or method call arguments evaluate instantly, but they don’t execute until the nearby functions returns. You can create a deferred method, or function, or anonymous function by using the defer keyword.
Syntax:
// Function
defer func func_name(parameter_list Type)return_type{
// Code
}
// Method
defer func (receiver Type) method_name(parameter_list){
// Code
}
defer func (parameter_list)(return_type){
// code
}()
Important Points:
- In Go language, multiple defer statements are allowed in the same program and they are executed in LIFO(Last-In, First-Out) order as shown in Example 2.
- In the defer statements, the arguments are evaluated when the defer statement is executed, not when it is called.
- Defer statements are generally used to ensure that the files are closed when their need is over, or to close the channel, or to catch the panics in the program.
Let us discuss this concept with the help of an example:
Example 1:
Go
// Go program to illustrate the// concept of the defer statementpackage mainimport "fmt"// Functionsfunc mul(a1, a2 int) int { res := a1 * a2 fmt.Println("Result: ", res) return 0}func show() { fmt.Println("Hello!, GeeksforGeeks")}// Main functionfunc main() { // Calling mul() function // Here mul function behaves // like a normal function mul(23, 45) // Calling mul()function // Using defer keyword // Here the mul() function // is defer function defer mul(23, 56) // Calling show() function show()} |
Output:
Result: 1035 Hello!, GeeksforGeeks Result: 1288
Explanation: In the above example we have two functions named mul() and show(). Where show() function is called normally in the main() function, mul() function is called in two different ways:
- First, we call mul function normally(without the defer keyword), i.e, mul(23, 45) and it executes when the function is called(Output: Result : 1035 ).
- Second, we call mul() function as a defer function using defer keyword, i.e, defer mul(23, 56) and it executes(Output: Result: 1288 ) when all the surrounding methods return.
Example 2:
Go
// Go program to illustrate// multiple defer statements, to illustrate LIFO policypackage mainimport "fmt"// Functionsfunc add(a1, a2 int) int { res := a1 + a2 fmt.Println("Result: ", res) return 0}// Main functionfunc main() { fmt.Println("Start") // Multiple defer statements // Executes in LIFO order defer fmt.Println("End") defer add(34, 56) defer add(10, 10)} |
Output:
Start Result: 20 Result: 90 End
