Prerequisites: Know about Cyclic redundancy, Socket Programming
What is CRC?
CRC or Cyclic Redundancy Check is a method of detecting accidental changes/errors in the communication channel.
CRC uses Generator Polynomial which is available on both sender and receiver sides. An example generator polynomial is of the form of x^3 + 1. This generator polynomial represents key 1001. Another example is x^2 + x. that represents key 110.
Example:
Let data send is “EVN”
We convert a string to binary string data.
Python
input_string = "EVN"# CONVERT string data to binary string datadata = (''.join(format(ord(x), 'b') for x in input_string))print (data) |
100010110101101001110
CRC KEY: 1001
Code: CRC key length -1 -> 000 appended at end of data.
New data: 100010110101101001110000 Key:1001
Now we apply CRC in socket programming python at both sender and receiver sides.
Sender Side
1. The task is to send string data to the server/receiver side.
2. The sender sends a string let us say “EVN”.
3. First, this string is converted to binary string “100010110101101001110” key is known to both the side sender and receiver here key used is 1001.
4. This data is encoded using the CRC code using the key on the client/sender side.
5. This encoded data is sent to the receiver.
6. Receiver later decodes the encoded data string to verify whether there was any error or not.
Python3
# Import socket moduleimport socket def xor(a, b): # initialize result result = [] # Traverse all bits, if bits are # same, then XOR is 0, else 1 for i in range(1, len(b)): if a[i] == b[i]: result.append('0') else: result.append('1') return ''.join(result)# Performs Modulo-2 divisiondef mod2div(dividend, divisor): # Number of bits to be XORed at a time. pick = len(divisor) # Slicing the dividend to appropriate # length for particular step tmp = dividend[0 : pick] while pick < len(dividend): if tmp[0] == '1': # replace the dividend by the result # of XOR and pull 1 bit down tmp = xor(divisor, tmp) + dividend[pick] else: # If leftmost bit is '0' # If the leftmost bit of the dividend (or the # part used in each step) is 0, the step cannot # use the regular divisor; we need to use an # all-0s divisor. tmp = xor('0'*pick, tmp) + dividend[pick] # increment pick to move further pick += 1 # For the last n bits, we have to carry it out # normally as increased value of pick will cause # Index Out of Bounds. if tmp[0] == '1': tmp = xor(divisor, tmp) else: tmp = xor('0'*pick, tmp) checkword = tmp return checkword# Function used at the sender side to encode# data by appending remainder of modular division# at the end of data.def encodeData(data, key): l_key = len(key) # Appends n-1 zeroes at end of data appended_data = data + '0'*(l_key-1) remainder = mod2div(appended_data, key) # Append remainder in the original data codeword = data + remainder return codeword # Create a socket objects = socket.socket() # Define the port on which you want to connectport = 12345 # connect to the server on local computers.connect(('127.0.0.1', port))# Send data to server 'Hello world'## s.sendall('Hello World')input_string = input("Enter data you want to send->")#s.sendall(input_string)data =(''.join(format(ord(x), 'b') for x in input_string))print("Entered data in binary format :",data)key = "1001"ans = encodeData(data,key)print("Encoded data to be sent to server in binary format :",ans)s.sendto(ans.encode(),('127.0.0.1', 12345))# receive data from the serverprint("Received feedback from server :",s.recv(1024).decode())# close the connections.close() |
Receiver Side
1. The receiver receives the encoded data string from the sender.
2. Receiver with the help of the key decodes the data and finds out the remainder.
3. If the remainder is zero then it means there is no error in data sent by the sender to the receiver.
4. If the remainder comes out to be non-zero it means there was an error, a Negative Acknowledgement is sent to the sender. The sender then resends the data until the receiver receives the correct data.
Python3
# Import socket moduleimport socket def xor(a, b): # initialize result result = [] # Traverse all bits, if bits are # same, then XOR is 0, else 1 for i in range(1, len(b)): if a[i] == b[i]: result.append('0') else: result.append('1') return ''.join(result)# Performs Modulo-2 divisiondef mod2div(dividend, divisor): # Number of bits to be XORed at a time. pick = len(divisor) # Slicing the dividend to appropriate # length for particular step tmp = dividend[0 : pick] while pick < len(dividend): if tmp[0] == '1': # replace the dividend by the result # of XOR and pull 1 bit down tmp = xor(divisor, tmp) + dividend[pick] else: # If leftmost bit is '0' # If the leftmost bit of the dividend (or the # part used in each step) is 0, the step cannot # use the regular divisor; we need to use an # all-0s divisor. tmp = xor('0'*pick, tmp) + dividend[pick] # increment pick to move further pick += 1 # For the last n bits, we have to carry it out # normally as increased value of pick will cause # Index Out of Bounds. if tmp[0] == '1': tmp = xor(divisor, tmp) else: tmp = xor('0'*pick, tmp) checkword = tmp return checkword# Function used at the sender side to encode# data by appending remainder of modular division# at the end of data.def encodeData(data, key): l_key = len(key) # Appends n-1 zeroes at end of data appended_data = data + '0'*(l_key-1) remainder = mod2div(appended_data, key) # Append remainder in the original data codeword = data + remainder return codeword # Create a socket objects = socket.socket() # Define the port on which you want to connectport = 12345 # connect to the server on local computers.connect(('127.0.0.1', port))# Send data to server 'Hello world'## s.sendall('Hello World')input_string = input("Enter data you want to send->")#s.sendall(input_string)data =(''.join(format(ord(x), 'b') for x in input_string))print("Entered data in binary format :",data)key = "1001"ans = encodeData(data,key)print("Encoded data to be sent to server in binary format :",ans)s.sendto(ans.encode(),('127.0.0.1', 12345))# receive data from the serverprint("Received feedback from server :",s.recv(1024).decode())# close the connections.close() |
NOTE:
How to run the program:
1. You should have a socket programming library.
2. First, run server program then runs client program.
3. Indentation error may occur while you copy-paste the code so be careful while copying.
4. You’ll see the following output in your split terminal.
