Data Modelling & AI Data Structure & Algorithm

Count the number of walks of length N where cost of each walk is equal to a given number

23 June 2025

0

Given a weighted undirected graph, Length of walks N and Cost X. The task is to count the number of different walks W of length N such that Cost(W) = X.
We define the cost of a walk W, as the maximum over the weights of the edges along the walk.
The nodes are numbered from 1 to n. The graph does not contain any multiple edges or self-loops.

Examples:

Input:

.
N = 4, X = 2
Output: 10
Explanation :
A walk W on the graph is a sequence of vertices (with repetitions of vertices and edges allowed) such that every adjacent pair of vertices in the sequence is an edge of the graph.
For X = 2, all possible 10 walks are listed below :

1 -> 2 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3

1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1

1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 2 -> 3

2 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 2

2 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> 2

2 -> 3 -> 2 -> 3 -> 2

3 -> 2 -> 1 -> 2 -> 1

3 -> 2 -> 1 -> 2 -> 3

3 -> 2 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1

3 -> 2 -> 3 -> 2 -> 3

Input:

N = 4, X = 2
Output: 12

The idea is to precalculate the no. of walks of length N for each vertex of all possible cost and store them in a 2-D matrix.Let us call this matrix as B.These values can be calculated by running DFS on the given undirected graph.
For example,

The given snapshot of matrix B shows the values stored in it. here B(i, j) means no. of walks of length N from vertex i having cost of walk j.

We maintain a 1-D array Maxedge in which we keep the cost of walk of length N. We call the same function when the length of walk is less than N and there is some cost X associated with edge(u, v).
We put a base condition for length == N for which we update the array B and return the call.
After calculating the matrix B we simply count the total no of walks by adding the no of walks of all the vertex having cost = x.

Ans += B[i][x];
Here i ranges from 1 to n where n is the no of vertices.

Below is the implementation of the above approach

C++

// C++ program to count the number of walks
// of length N where cost of each walk is
// equal to k
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int G[250][250] = {0};
int Maxedge[250] = {0};
int B[250][250] = {0};
int l = 0, n, m;
 
// Function return total 
// walk of length N
int TotalWalks(int cost)
{
     int ans=0;
     
    // Add values of all 
    // node with cost X
     for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
     {
        ans+=B[i][cost];
     }
     
     return ans;
}
 
 
// Function to precompute array B
// mentioned above
void DFS(int u, int v,int len)
{
    // Base condition
    if (l == len)              
    {
        // Updating the matrix B when 
        // we get a walk of length N.
        B[u][ Maxedge[len]]++; 
        return ;
    }
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
        if (G[v][i] !=0)
        {
            // Incrementing the length 
            // of the walk
            l++;
             
            // Updating the cost of the walk
            Maxedge[l] = max(Maxedge[l - 1], 
                             G[v][i]); 
            DFS(u, i, len);
            l--;
        }
    }
}
 
// Function to calculate total
// number of walks of length N
void NumberOfWalks(int cost,int len)
{
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
        // Calling the function DFS
        DFS(i, i, len);  
    }
     
    int ans = TotalWalks(cost);
     
    // Print the answer
    cout<< ans << endl;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    int Cost = 2;
    n = 3, m = 3;
    int length = 4;
     
    // Create a graph given in
    // the above diagram 
    G[1][2] = 1;
    G[2][1] = 1;
    G[2][3] = 2;
    G[3][2] = 2;
    G[1][3] = 3;
    G[3][1] = 3;
     
    NumberOfWalks(Cost, length) ;
}

Java

// Java program to count the number of walks
// of length N where cost of each walk is
// equal to k
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG{
     
static int [][]G = new int[250][250];
static int []Maxedge = new int[250];
static int [][]B = new int[250][250];
static int l = 0, n, m;
 
// Function return total 
// walk of length N
static int TotalWalks(int cost)
{
    int ans = 0;
     
    // Add values of all 
    // node with cost X
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
        ans += B[i][cost];
    }
     
    return ans;
}
 
// Function to precompute array B
// mentioned above
static void DFS(int u, int v, int len)
{
    // Base condition
    if (l == len)             
    {
         
        // Updating the matrix B when 
        // we get a walk of length N.
        B[u][ Maxedge[len]]++; 
        return;
    }
     
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
        if (G[v][i] !=0)
        {
             
            // Incrementing the length 
            // of the walk
            l++;
             
            // Updating the cost of the walk
            Maxedge[l] = Math.max(Maxedge[l - 1], 
                                        G[v][i]); 
            DFS(u, i, len);
            l--;
        }
    }
}
 
// Function to calculate total
// number of walks of length N
static void NumberOfWalks(int cost,int len)
{
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
 
       // Calling the function DFS
       DFS(i, i, len); 
    }
     
    int ans = TotalWalks(cost);
     
    // Print the answer
    System.out.print(ans + "\n");
}
 
// Driver code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    int Cost = 2;
    n = 3; m = 3;
    int length = 4;
     
    // Create a graph given in
    // the above diagram 
    G[1][2] = 1;
    G[2][1] = 1;
    G[2][3] = 2;
    G[3][2] = 2;
    G[1][3] = 3;
    G[3][1] = 3;
     
    NumberOfWalks(Cost, length);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar

Python3

# Python3 program to count the number of walks
# of length N where cost of each walk is
# equal to k
G = [[0 for i in range(250)] 
        for j in range(250)]
Maxedge = [0 for i in range(250)]
B = [[0 for i in range(250)] 
        for j in range(250)]
l = 0
n = 0
m = 0
  
# Function return total 
# walk of length N
def TotalWalks(cost):
 
    ans = 0
      
    # Add values of all 
    # node with cost X
    for i in range(1, n + 1):
        ans += B[i][cost]
      
    return ans
 
# Function to precompute array B
# mentioned above
def DFS(u, v, len):
     
    global l
     
    # Base condition
    if (l == len):
     
        # Updating the matrix B when 
        # we get a walk of length N.
        B[u][ Maxedge[len]] += 1
        return
     
    for i in range(1, n + 1):
        if (G[v][i] != 0):
         
            # Incrementing the length 
            # of the walk
            l += 1
              
            # Updating the cost of the walk
            Maxedge[l] = max(Maxedge[l - 1], G[v][i])
            DFS(u, i, len)
            l -= 1
         
# Function to calculate total
# number of walks of length N
def NumberOfWalks(cost, len):
     
    for i in range(1, n + 1):
     
        # Calling the function DFS
        DFS(i, i, len)  
     
    ans = TotalWalks(cost)
      
    # Print the answer
    print(ans)
     
# Driver code
if __name__=='__main__':
 
    Cost = 2
    n = 3
    m = 3
    length = 4
      
    # Create a graph given in
    # the above diagram 
    G[1][2] = 1
    G[2][1] = 1
    G[2][3] = 2
    G[3][2] = 2
    G[1][3] = 3
    G[3][1] = 3
      
    NumberOfWalks(Cost, length)
 
# This code is contributed by rutvik_56

C#

// C# program to count the number of walks
// of length N where cost of each walk is
// equal to k
using System;
 
class GFG{
     
static int [,]G = new int[250, 250];
static int []Maxedge = new int[250];
static int [,]B = new int[250, 250];
static int l = 0, n;
 
// Function return total 
// walk of length N
static int TotalWalks(int cost)
{
    int ans = 0;
     
    // Add values of all 
    // node with cost X
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
       ans += B[i, cost];
    }
    return ans;
}
 
// Function to precompute array B
// mentioned above
static void DFS(int u, int v, int len)
{
 
    // Base condition
    if (l == len)             
    {
         
        // Updating the matrix B when 
        // we get a walk of length N.
        B[u, Maxedge[len]]++; 
        return;
    }
     
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
       if (G[v, i] != 0)
       {
            
           // Incrementing the length 
           // of the walk
           l++;
            
           // Updating the cost of the walk
           Maxedge[l] = Math.Max(Maxedge[l - 1], 
                                       G[v, i]); 
           DFS(u, i, len);
           l--;
       }
    }
}
 
// Function to calculate total
// number of walks of length N
static void NumberOfWalks(int cost, int len)
{
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
        
       // Calling the function DFS
       DFS(i, i, len); 
    }
     
    int ans = TotalWalks(cost);
     
    // Print the answer
    Console.Write(ans + "\n");
}
 
// Driver code
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
    int Cost = 2;
    n = 3;
    int length = 4;
     
    // Create a graph given in
    // the above diagram 
    G[1, 2] = 1;
    G[2, 1] = 1;
    G[2, 3] = 2;
    G[3, 2] = 2;
    G[1, 3] = 3;
    G[3, 1] = 3;
     
    NumberOfWalks(Cost, length);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by gauravrajput1

Javascript

<script>
 
// JavaScript program to count the number of walks
// of length N where cost of each walk is
// equal to k
 
let G = new Array(250);
let B = new Array(250);
for(let i=0;i<250;i++)
{
    G[i]=new Array(250);
    B[i]=new Array(250);
    for(let j=0;j<250;j++)
    {
        G[i][j]=0;
        B[i][j]=0;
    }
}
 
let Maxedge = new Array(250);
for(let i=0;i<250;i++)
    Maxedge[i]=0;
let l = 0, n, m;
 
// Function return total
// walk of length N
function TotalWalks(cost)
{
    let ans = 0;
      
    // Add values of all
    // node with cost X
    for(let i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
        ans += B[i][cost];
    }
      
    return ans;
}
 
// Function to precompute array B
// mentioned above
function DFS(u,v,len)
{
    // Base condition
    if (l == len)            
    {
          
        // Updating the matrix B when
        // we get a walk of length N.
        B[u][ Maxedge[len]]++;
        return;
    }
      
    for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
        if (G[v][i] !=0)
        {
              
            // Incrementing the length
            // of the walk
            l++;
              
            // Updating the cost of the walk
            Maxedge[l] = Math.max(Maxedge[l - 1],
                                        G[v][i]);
            DFS(u, i, len);
            l--;
        }
    }
}
 
// Function to calculate total
// number of walks of length N
function NumberOfWalks(cost,len)
{
    for(let i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
  
       // Calling the function DFS
       DFS(i, i, len);
    }
      
    let ans = TotalWalks(cost);
      
    // Print the answer
    document.write(ans + "<br>");
}
 
// Driver code
let Cost = 2;
n = 3; m = 3;
let length = 4;
 
// Create a graph given in
// the above diagram
G[1][2] = 1;
G[2][1] = 1;
G[2][3] = 2;
G[3][2] = 2;
G[1][3] = 3;
G[3][1] = 3;
 
NumberOfWalks(Cost, length);
 
 
// This code is contributed by unknown2108
 
</script>

Output:

Time complexity: O(n^2 * l) where n is the number of nodes in the graph and l is the length of the walk. This is because there are nested loops that iterate over all nodes and all lengths of the walk.

Auxiliary Space: O(n^2) because of the size of the arrays G and B which both have n^2 elements.

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Count the number of walks of length N where cost of each walk is equal to a given number

C++

Java

Python3

C#

Javascript

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