Introduction of Software Design process | Set 2

Software Design is the process to transform the user requirements into some suitable form, which helps the programmer in software coding and implementation. During the software design phase, the design document is produced, based on the customer requirements as documented in the SRS document. Hence the aim of this phase is to transform the SRS document into the design document. 

The following items are designed and documented during the design phase: 
 

• Different modules required.
• Control relationships among modules.
• Interface among different modules.
• Data structure among the different modules.
• Algorithms required to implement among the individual modules.

Objectives of Software Design: 
 

1. Correctness: 
   A good design should be correct i.e. it should correctly implement all the functionalities of the system.
2. Efficiency: 
   A good software design should address the resources, time, and cost optimization issues.
3. Flexibility: 
   A good software design should have the ability to adapt and accommodate changes easily. It includes designing the software in a way, that allows for modifications, enhancements, and scalability without requiring significant rework or causing major disruptions to the existing functionality.
4. Understandability: 
   A good design should be easily understandable, for which it should be modular and all the modules are arranged in layers.
5. Completeness: 
   The design should have all the components like data structures, modules, and external interfaces, etc.
6. Maintainability: 
   A good software design aims to create a system that is easy to understand, modify, and maintain over time. This involves using modular and well-structured design principles eg.(employing appropriate naming conventions and providing clear documentation). Maintainability in software Design also enables developers to fix bugs, enhance features, and adapt the software to changing requirements without excessive effort or introducing new issues.

Software Design Concepts: 
Concepts are defined as a principal idea or invention that comes into our mind or in thought to understand something. The software design concept simply means the idea or principle behind the design. It describes how you plan to solve the problem of designing software, the logic, or thinking behind how you will design software. It allows the software engineer to create the model of the system or software or product that is to be developed or built. The software design concept provides a supporting and essential structure or model for developing the right software. There are many concepts of software design and some of them are given below: 
 

The following points should be considered while designing Software: 
 

1. Abstraction- hide Irrelevant data 
   Abstraction simply means to hide the details to reduce complexity and increases efficiency or quality. Different levels of Abstraction are necessary and must be applied at each stage of the design process so that any error that is present can be removed to increase the efficiency of the software solution and to refine the software solution. The solution should be described in broad ways that cover a wide range of different things at a higher level of abstraction and a more detailed description of a solution of software should be given at the lower level of abstraction.
2. Modularity- subdivide the system 
   Modularity simply means dividing the system or project into smaller parts to reduce the complexity of the system or project. In the same way, modularity in design means subdividing a system into smaller parts so that these parts can be created independently and then use these parts in different systems to perform different functions. It is necessary to divide the software into components known as modules because nowadays there are different software available like Monolithic software that is hard to grasp for software engineers. So, modularity in design has now become a trend and is also important. If the system contains fewer components then it would mean the system is complex which requires a lot of effort (cost) but if we are able to divide the system into components then the cost would be small.
3. Architecture- design a structure of something 
   Architecture simply means a technique to design a structure of something. Architecture in designing software is a concept that focuses on various elements and the data of the structure. These components interact with each other and use the data of the structure in architecture.
4. Refinement- removes impurities 
   Refinement simply means to refine something to remove any impurities if present and increase the quality. The refinement concept of software design is actually a process of developing or presenting the software or system in a detailed manner that means to elaborate a system or software. Refinement is very necessary to find out any error if present and then to reduce it.
5. Pattern- a repeated form 
   The pattern simply means a repeated form or design in which the same shape is repeated several times to form a pattern. The pattern in the design process means the repetition of a solution to a common recurring problem within a certain context.
6. Information Hiding- hide the information 
   Information hiding simply means to hide the information so that it cannot be accessed by an unwanted party. In software design, information hiding is achieved by designing the modules in a manner that the information gathered or contained in one module is hidden and can’t be accessed by any other modules.
7. Refactoring- reconstruct something 
   Refactoring simply means reconstructing something in such a way that it does not affect the behavior of any other features. Refactoring in software design means reconstructing the design to reduce complexity and simplify it without affecting the behavior or its functions. Fowler has defined refactoring as “the process of changing a software system in a way that it won’t affect the behavior of the design and improves the internal structure”.

Different levels of Software Design: 
There are three different levels of software design. They are: 
 

1. Architectural Design: 
   The architecture of a system can be viewed as the overall structure of the system & the way in which structure provides conceptual integrity of the system. The architectural design identifies the software as a system with many components interacting with each other. At this level, the designers get the idea of the proposed solution domain. 
    
2. Preliminary or high-level design: 
   Here the problem is decomposed into a set of modules, the control relationship among various modules identified, and also the interfaces among various modules are identified. The outcome of this stage is called the program architecture. Design representation techniques used in this stage are structure chart and UML. 
    
3. Detailed design: 
   Once the high-level design is complete, a detailed design is undertaken. In detailed design, each module is examined carefully to design the data structure and algorithms. The stage outcome is documented in the form of a module specification document.