Every Java Programmer is familiar with NullPointerException. It can crash your code. And it is very hard to avoid it without using too many null checks. So, to overcome this, Java 8 has introduced a new class Optional in java.util package. It can help in writing a neat code without using too many null checks. By using Optional, we can specify alternate values to return or alternate code to run. This makes the code more readable because the facts which were hidden are now visible to the developer.
Java
// Java program without Optional Classpublic class OptionalDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] words = new String[10]; String word = words[5].toLowerCase(); System.out.print(word); }} |
Output:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
To avoid abnormal termination, we use the Optional class. In the following example, we are using Optional. So, our program can execute without crashing.
The above program using Optional Class
Java
// Java program with Optional Classimport java.util.Optional;public class OptionalDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] words = new String[10]; Optional<String> checkNull = Optional.ofNullable(words[5]); if (checkNull.isPresent()) { String word = words[5].toLowerCase(); System.out.print(word); } else System.out.println("word is null"); }} |
word is null
Optional is a container object which may or may not contain a non-null value. You must import java.util package to use this class. If a value is present, isPresent() will return true and get() will return the value. Additional methods that depend on the presence or absence of a contained value are provided, such as orElse() which returns a default value if the value is not present, and ifPresent() which executes a block of code if the value is present. This is a value-based class, i.e their instances are :
- Final and immutable (though may contain references to mutable objects).
- Considered equal solely based on equals(), not based on reference equality(==).
- Do not have accessible constructors.
Static Methods: Static methods are the methods in Java that can be called without creating an object of the class. They are referenced by the class name itself or reference to the object of that class.
Syntax :
public static void geek(String name)
{
// code to be executed....
}
// Must have static modifier in their declaration.
// Return type can be int, float, String or user-defined data type.
Important Points: Since Static methods belong to the class, they can be called to without creating the object of the class. Below given are some important points regarding Static Methods :
- Static method(s) are associated with the class in which they reside i.e. they can be called even without creating an instance of the class.
- They are designed with the aim to be shared among all objects created from the same class.
- Static methods can not be overridden. But can be overloaded since they are resolved using static binding by the compiler at compile time.
The following table shows the list of Static Methods provided by Optional Class :
Instance Methods: Instance methods are methods that require an object of its class to be created before it can be called. To invoke an instance method, we have to create an Object of the class within which it is defined.
Syntax :
public void geek(String name)
{
// code to be executed....
}
// Return type can be int, float String or user defined data type.
Important Points: Instance Methods can be called within the same class in which they reside or from the different classes defined either in the same package or other packages depending on the access type provided to the desired instance method. Below given are some important points regarding Instance Methods :
- Instance method(s) belong to the Object of the class, not to the class i.e. they can be called after creating the Object of the class.
- Every individual object created from the class has its own copy of the instance method(s) of that class.
- They can be overridden since they are resolved using dynamic binding at run time.
The following table shows the list of Instance Methods provided by the Optional Class :
Concrete Methods: A concrete method means, the method has a complete definition but can be overridden in the inherited class. If we make this method final, then it can not be overridden. Declaring method or class “final” means its implementation is complete. It is compulsory to override abstract methods. Concrete Methods can be overridden in the inherited classes if they are not final. The following table shows the list of Concrete Methods provided by the Optional Class :
Below given are some examples :
Example 1 :
Java
// Java program to illustrate// optional class methodsimport java.util.Optional;class GFG { // Driver code public static void main(String[] args) { // creating a string array String[] str = new String[5]; // Setting value for 2nd index str[2] = "Geeks Classes are coming soon"; // It returns an empty instance of Optional class Optional<String> empty = Optional.empty(); System.out.println(empty); // It returns a non-empty Optional Optional<String> value = Optional.of(str[2]); System.out.println(value); }} |
Optional.empty Optional[Geeks Classes are coming soon]
Example 2 :
Java
// Java program to illustrate// optional class methodsimport java.util.Optional;class GFG { // Driver code public static void main(String[] args) { // creating a string array String[] str = new String[5]; // Setting value for 2nd index str[2] = "Geeks Classes are coming soon"; // It returns a non-empty Optional Optional<String> value = Optional.of(str[2]); // It returns value of an Optional. // If value is not present, it throws // an NoSuchElementException System.out.println(value.get()); // It returns hashCode of the value System.out.println(value.hashCode()); // It returns true if value is present, // otherwise false System.out.println(value.isPresent()); }} |
Geeks Classes are coming soon 1967487235 true
This article is contributed by loginakanksha and Sahil Bansal . If you like Lazyroar and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using write.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to review-team@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the Lazyroar main page and help other Geeks. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.
