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HomeData Modelling & AIDivide chocolate bar into pieces, minimizing the area of invalid pieces

Divide chocolate bar into pieces, minimizing the area of invalid pieces

Given a 2d array, arr[][] and a piece of the chocolate bar of dimension N × M, the task is to find the minimum possible sum of the area of invalid pieces by dividing the chocolate bar into one or more pieces where a chocolate piece is called invalid if the dimension of that piece doesn’t match any given pair.

Note: A chocolate piece can be cut vertically or horizontally (perpendicular to its sides), such that it is divided into two pieces and the dimension in the given vector is not ordered i.e. for a pair (x, y) in the given vector both dimensions (x, y) and (y, x) are considered valid.

Examples:

Input: N = 10, M =10, arr[][] = {{1, 2}}
Output: 0
Explanation:
Divide the given chocolate bar of dimension (10, 10) into 50 pieces of dimension (1, 2) or (2, 1), not leaving any left over pieces, hence output is zero.

Input: N = 10, M =10, arr[][] = {{3, 5}}
Output: 10

 

Naive Approach: The naive idea is to use recursion to divide the chocolate in every possible dimension by making every possible vertical or horizontal cut. Follow the below steps to solve this problem:

  • Divide the chocolate bar into all possible ways, i.e. make every possible vertical & horizontal cut one by one and for each case find a solution for the resulting pieces recursively.
  • For the base case, simply check if the current division is valid or not:
    • If it is valid then return zero.
    • Otherwise, try to divide it into valid pieces using the above approach, if it cannot be divided further into valid pieces return the area of the piece.

Time Complexity: O(N + M)(N + M)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)

Efficient Approach: To optimize the above approach the idea is to use dynamic programming as the above approach has overlapping subproblems that need to be calculated more than once and to reduce that calculation use tabulation or memoization. The total number of different chocolate pieces that can be made is N × M only, so the above algorithm has N × M states.

Follow the steps below to solve the problem:

  • Initialize an array dp[][] to store the minInvalidAreaUtil(l, b) at dp[l][b], ok[][] to store the valid dimension chocolates (i, j) in ok[i][j] = 1 and ok[j][i] = 1.
  • For every state whether the current piece (l, b) is valid or not in constant time from lookup table ok[][]
    • If the current piece (l, b) is valid, i.e ok[l][b] == 1. Therefore, return dp[l][b] = 0
    • Otherwise, compute it by making every possible vertical & horizontal cut one by one and for each case find a solution for the resulting pieces. Hence, update dp[l][b].
  • Print the final answer as minInvalidAreaUtil(l, b).

Below is the implementation of the above approach.

C++




// C++ program for the above approach
 
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
const int sz = 1001;
 
// Store valid dimensions
bool ok[sz][sz] = {};
 
// Stores memoization
int dp[sz][sz];
 
// Utility function to calculate minimum invalid area for
// Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
int minInvalidAreaUtil(int l, int b)
{
    if (dp[l][b] == -1) {
 
        // Check whether current piece is valid or not
        // If it is, then return zero
        // for current dimension
        if (ok[l][b]) {
            return dp[l][b] = 0;
        }
       
        int ans = l * b;
 
        // Making all possible horizontal cuts, one by
        // one and calculating the sum of minimum invalid
        // area for both the resulting pieces
        for (int i = 1; i < b; i++) {
            ans = min(ans,
                      minInvalidAreaUtil(l, i)
                          + minInvalidAreaUtil(l, b - i));
        }
 
        // Making all possible vertical cuts, one by one
        // and calculating the sum of minimum invalid area
        // for both the resulting pieces
        for (int i = 1; i < l; i++) {
            ans = min(ans,
                      minInvalidAreaUtil(i, b)
                          + minInvalidAreaUtil(l - i, b));
        }
 
        // Store the computed result
        dp[l][b] = ans;
    }
   
    return dp[l][b];
}
 
// Function to calculate minimum invalid area for
// Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
void minInvalidArea(int N, int M,
                     vector<pair<int, int> >& dimensions)
{
    // Total number of valid dimensions
    int K = dimensions.size();
 
    // Storing valid dimensions as for every (x, y)
    // both (x, y) and (y, x) are valid
    for (int i = 0; i < K; i++) {
        ok[dimensions[i].first][dimensions[i].second] = 1;
        ok[dimensions[i].second][dimensions[i].first] = 1;
    }
 
    // Fill dp[][] table with -1, indicating that
    // results are not computed yet
    for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < sz; j++) {
            dp[i][j] = -1;
        }
    }
 
    // Stores minimum area
    int minArea = minInvalidAreaUtil(N, M);
 
    // Print minArea as the output
    cout << minArea << endl;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    // Given N & M
    int N = 10, M = 10;
 
    // Given valid dimensions
    vector<pair<int, int> > dimensions = { { 3, 5 } };
 
    // Function Call
    minInvalidArea(N, M, dimensions);
 
    return 0;
}


Java




// Java program for the above approach
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG{
   
static final int sz = 1001;
 
// Store valid dimensions
static boolean ok[][] = new boolean[sz][sz];
 
// Stores memoization
static int dp[][] = new int[sz][sz];
   
static class pair
{
    int first, second;
      
    public pair(int first, int second)
    {
        this.first = first;
        this.second = second;
    }  
}
 
// Utility function to calculate minimum invalid
// area for Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
static int minInvalidAreaUtil(int l, int b)
{
    if (dp[l][b] == -1)
    {
         
        // Check whether current piece is valid
        // or not. If it is, then return zero
        // for current dimension
        if (ok[l][b])
        {
            return dp[l][b] = 0;
        }
       
        int ans = l * b;
 
        // Making all possible horizontal cuts, one by
        // one and calculating the sum of minimum invalid
        // area for both the resulting pieces
        for(int i = 1; i < b; i++)
        {
            ans = Math.min(ans,
                           minInvalidAreaUtil(l, i) +
                           minInvalidAreaUtil(l, b - i));
        }
 
        // Making all possible vertical cuts, one by one
        // and calculating the sum of minimum invalid area
        // for both the resulting pieces
        for(int i = 1; i < l; i++)
        {
            ans = Math.min(ans,
                           minInvalidAreaUtil(i, b) +
                           minInvalidAreaUtil(l - i, b));
        }
 
        // Store the computed result
        dp[l][b] = ans;
    }
    return dp[l][b];
}
 
// Function to calculate minimum invalid area for
// Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
static void minInvalidArea(int N, int M,
                           Vector<pair> dimensions)
{
     
    // Total number of valid dimensions
    int K = dimensions.size();
 
    // Storing valid dimensions as for every (x, y)
    // both (x, y) and (y, x) are valid
    for(int i = 0; i < K; i++)
    {
        ok[dimensions.elementAt(i).first][dimensions.elementAt(i).second] = true;
        ok[dimensions.elementAt(i).second][dimensions.elementAt(i).first] = true;
    }
 
    // Fill dp[][] table with -1, indicating that
    // results are not computed yet
    for(int i = 0; i < sz; i++)
    {
        for(int j = 0; j < sz; j++)
        {
            dp[i][j] = -1;
        }
    }
 
    // Stores minimum area
    int minArea = minInvalidAreaUtil(N, M);
 
    // Print minArea as the output
    System.out.println(minArea);
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
     
    // Given N & M
    int N = 10, M = 10;
 
    // Given valid dimensions
    Vector<pair > dimensions = new Vector<>();
      dimensions.add(new pair(3, 5));
 
    // Function Call
    minInvalidArea(N, M, dimensions);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by Dharanendra L V.


Python3




# Python3 program for the above approach
sz = 1001
 
# Store valid dimensions
ok = [[0 for i in range(sz)]
         for i in range(sz)]
 
# Stores memoization
dp = [[0 for i in range(sz)]
         for i in range(sz)]
 
# Utility function to calculate minimum
# invalid area for Chocolate piece having
# dimension (l, r)
def minInvalidAreaUtil(l, b):
     
    global dp, ok
 
    if (dp[l][b] == -1):
 
        # Check whether current piece is valid
        # or not If it is, then return zero
        # for current dimension
        if (ok[l][b]):
            dp[l][b] = 0
            return dp[l][b]
 
        ans = l * b
 
        # Making all possible horizontal cuts, one by
        # one and calculating the sum of minimum invalid
        # area for both the resulting pieces
        for i in range(1, b):
            ans = min(ans, minInvalidAreaUtil(l, i) +
                           minInvalidAreaUtil(l, b - i))
 
        # Making all possible vertical cuts, one by one
        # and calculating the sum of minimum invalid area
        # for both the resulting pieces
        for i in range(1, l):
            ans = min(ans, minInvalidAreaUtil(i, b) +
                           minInvalidAreaUtil(l - i, b))
 
        # Store the computed result
        dp[l][b] = ans
 
    return dp[l][b]
 
# Function to calculate minimum invalid area for
# Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
def minInvalidArea(N, M, dimensions):
     
    global dp, ok
     
    # Total number of valid dimensions
    K = len(dimensions)
 
    # Storing valid dimensions as for every (x, y)
    # both (x, y) and (y, x) are valid
    for i in range(K):
        ok[dimensions[i][0]][dimensions[i][1]] = 1
        ok[dimensions[i][1]][dimensions[i][0]] = 1
 
    # Fill dp[][] table with -1, indicating that
    # results are not computed yet
    for i in range(sz):
        for j in range(sz):
            dp[i][j] = -1
 
    # Stores minimum area
    minArea = minInvalidAreaUtil(N, M)
 
    # PrminArea as the output
    print(minArea)
 
#Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
     
    # Given N & M
    N, M = 10, 10
 
    # Given valid dimensions
    dimensions = [ [ 3, 5 ] ]
 
    # Function Call
    minInvalidArea(N, M, dimensions)
 
# This code is contributed by mohit kumar 29


C#




// C# program to implement above approach
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
 
class GFG
{
 
  static int sz = 1001;
 
  // Store valid dimensions
  static bool[][] ok = new bool[sz][];
 
  // Stores memoization
  static int[][] dp = new int[sz][];
 
  // Utility function to calculate minimum invalid
  // area for Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
  static int minInvalidAreaUtil(int l, int b)
  {
    if (dp[l][b] == -1)
    {
 
      // Check whether current piece is valid
      // or not. If it is, then return zero
      // for current dimension
      if (ok[l][b])
      {
        return dp[l][b] = 0;
      }
 
      int ans = l * b;
 
      // Making all possible horizontal cuts, one by
      // one and calculating the sum of minimum invalid
      // area for both the resulting pieces
      for(int i = 1 ; i < b ; i++)
      {
        ans = Math.Min(ans, minInvalidAreaUtil(l, i) +  minInvalidAreaUtil(l, b - i));
      }
 
      // Making all possible vertical cuts, one by one
      // and calculating the sum of minimum invalid area
      // for both the resulting pieces
      for(int i = 1 ; i < l ; i++)
      {
        ans = Math.Min(ans, minInvalidAreaUtil(i, b) + minInvalidAreaUtil(l - i, b));
      }
 
      // Store the computed result
      dp[l][b] = ans;
    }
    return dp[l][b];
  }
 
  // Function to calculate minimum invalid area for
  // Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
  static void minInvalidArea(int N, int M, List<pair> dimensions)
  {
 
    // Total number of valid dimensions
    int K = dimensions.Count;
 
    // Storing valid dimensions as for every (x, y)
    // both (x, y) and (y, x) are valid
    for(int i = 0; i < K; i++)
    {
      ok[dimensions[i].first][dimensions[i].second] = true;
      ok[dimensions[i].second][dimensions[i].first] = true;
    }
 
    // Fill dp[][] table with -1, indicating that
    // results are not computed yet
    for(int i = 0; i < sz ; i++)
    {
      for(int j = 0; j < sz ; j++)
      {
        dp[i][j] = -1;
      }
    }
 
    // Stores minimum area
    int minArea = minInvalidAreaUtil(N, M);
 
    // Print minArea as the output
    Console.Write(minArea);
  }
 
  // Driver Code
  public static void Main(string[] args){
 
    int N = 10, M = 10;
 
    for(int i = 0 ; i < sz ; i++){
      ok[i] = new bool[sz];
      dp[i] = new int[sz];
    }
 
    // Given valid dimensions
    List<pair> dimensions = new List<pair>();
    dimensions.Add(new pair(3, 5));
 
    // Function Call
    minInvalidArea(N, M, dimensions);
 
  }
}
 
class pair
{
  public int first, second;
 
  public pair(int first, int second)
  {
    this.first = first;
    this.second = second;
  }
}
 
// This code is contributed by subhamgoyal2014.


Javascript




<script>
 
// JavaScript program for the above approach
let sz = 1001
 
// Store valid dimensions
let ok = new Array(sz).fill(0).map(()=>new Array(sz).fill(0))
 
// Stores memoization
let dp = new Array(sz).fill(0).map(()=>new Array(sz).fill(0))
 
// Utility function to calculate minimum
// invalid area for Chocolate piece having
// dimension (l, r)
function minInvalidAreaUtil(l, b){
 
    if (dp[l][b] == -1){
 
        // Check whether current piece is valid
        // or not If it is, then return zero
        // for current dimension
        if (ok[l][b]){
            dp[l][b] = 0
            return dp[l][b]
        }
 
        let ans = l * b
 
        // Making all possible horizontal cuts, one by
        // one and calculating the sum of minimum invalid
        // area for both the resulting pieces
        for(let i=1;i<b;i++)
            ans = Math.min(ans, minInvalidAreaUtil(l, i) +
                           minInvalidAreaUtil(l, b - i))
 
        // Making all possible vertical cuts, one by one
        // and calculating the sum of minimum invalid area
        // for both the resulting pieces
        for(let i=1;i<l;i++)
            ans = Math.min(ans, minInvalidAreaUtil(i, b) +
                           minInvalidAreaUtil(l - i, b))
 
        // Store the computed result
        dp[l][b] = ans
    }
 
    return dp[l][b]
}
 
// Function to calculate minimum invalid area for
// Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
function minInvalidArea(N, M, dimensions){
 
     
    // Total number of valid dimensions
    let K = dimensions.length
 
    // Storing valid dimensions as for every (x, y)
    // both (x, y) and (y, x) are valid
    for(let i=0;i<K;i++){
        ok[dimensions[i][0]][dimensions[i][1]] = 1
        ok[dimensions[i][1]][dimensions[i][0]] = 1
    }
 
    // Fill dp[][] table with -1, indicating that
    // results are not computed yet
    for(let i=0;i<sz;i++)
        for(let j=0;j<sz;j++)
            dp[i][j] = -1
 
    // Stores minimum area
    let minArea = minInvalidAreaUtil(N, M)
 
    // PrminArea as the output
    document.write(minArea,"</br>")
}
 
// Driver Code
     
// Given N & M
let N = 10,M = 10
 
// Given valid dimensions
let dimensions = [ [ 3, 5 ] ]
 
// Function Call
minInvalidArea(N, M, dimensions)
 
// This code is contributed by shinjanpatra
 
</script>


Output

10

Time Complexity: O(N * M * (N + M))
Auxiliary Space: O(N * M)

 Efficient approach : Using DP Tabulation method ( Iterative approach )

The approach to solve this problem is same but DP tabulation(bottom-up) method is better then Dp + memoization(top-down) because memoization method needs extra stack space of recursion calls.

Steps to solve this problem :

  • Create a DP to store the solution of the subproblems and initialize it with -1.
  • Initialize the DP with base cases.
  • Now Iterate over subproblems to get the value of current problem form previous computation of subproblems stored in DP
  • Return the final solution stored in dp[N][M].

Implementation :

C++




// C++ code for above approach
 
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
const int sz = 1001;
 
// Store valid dimensions
bool ok[sz][sz] = {};
 
// Stores memoization
int dp[sz][sz];
 
// Utility function to calculate minimum invalid area for
// Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
int minInvalidAreaUtil(int N, int M,
    vector<pair<int, int> >& dimensions) {
    // Total number of valid dimensions
    int K = dimensions.size();
    // Storing valid dimensions as for every (x, y)
    // both (x, y) and (y, x) are valid
    for (int i = 0; i < K; i++) {
        ok[dimensions[i].first][dimensions[i].second] = 1;
        ok[dimensions[i].second][dimensions[i].first] = 1;
    }
     
    // Fill dp[][] table with -1, indicating that
    // results are not computed yet
    memset(dp, -1, sizeof(dp));
     
    for (int l = 1; l <= N; l++) {
        for (int b = 1; b <= M; b++) {
            // Check whether current piece is valid or not
            // If it is, then return zero for current dimension
            if (ok[l][b]) {
                dp[l][b] = 0;
                continue;
            }
     
            int ans = l * b;
     
            // Making all possible horizontal cuts, one by
            // one and calculating the sum of minimum invalid
            // area for both the resulting pieces
            for (int i = 1; i < b; i++) {
                ans = min(ans, dp[l][i] + dp[l][b - i]);
            }
     
            // Making all possible vertical cuts, one by one
            // and calculating the sum of minimum invalid area
            // for both the resulting pieces
            for (int i = 1; i < l; i++) {
                ans = min(ans, dp[i][b] + dp[l - i][b]);
            }
     
            // Store the computed result
            dp[l][b] = ans;
        }
    }
     
    // Stores minimum area
    int minArea = dp[N][M];
     
    // Print minArea as the output
    cout << minArea << endl;
     
    return minArea;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main() {
    // Given N & M
    int N = 10, M = 10;
     
    // Given valid dimensions
    vector<pair<int, int> > dimensions = {{3, 5}};
     
    // Function Call
    minInvalidAreaUtil(N, M, dimensions);
     
    return 0;
}
 
// --- by bhardwajji


Java




//GFG
//Java Code for this approach
 
import java.util.*;
 
public class Main {
  static boolean[][] ok = new boolean[1001][1001];
  static int[][] dp = new int[1001][1001];
 
  // Utility function to calculate minimum invalid area for
  // Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
  static int minInvalidAreaUtil(int N, int M, ArrayList<int[]> dimensions) {
    // Total number of valid dimensions
    int K = dimensions.size();
 
    // Storing valid dimensions as for every (x, y)
    // both (x, y) and (y, x) are valid
    for (int i = 0; i < K; i++) {
      int[] dim = dimensions.get(i);
      int x = dim[0], y = dim[1];
      ok[x][y] = true;
      ok[y][x] = true;
    }
 
    // Fill dp[][] table with -1, indicating that
    // results are not computed yet
    for (int i = 0; i <= N; i++) {
      Arrays.fill(dp[i], -1);
    }
 
    for (int l = 1; l <= N; l++) {
      for (int b = 1; b <= M; b++) {
        // Check whether current piece is valid or not
        // If it is, then return zero for current dimension
        if (ok[l][b]) {
          dp[l][b] = 0;
          continue;
        }
 
        int ans = l * b;
 
        // Making all possible horizontal cuts, one by
        // one and calculating the sum of minimum invalid
        // area for both the resulting pieces
        for (int i = 1; i < b; i++) {
          ans = Math.min(ans, dp[l][i] + dp[l][b - i]);
        }
 
        // Making all possible vertical cuts, one by one
        // and calculating the sum of minimum invalid area
        // for both the resulting pieces
        for (int i = 1; i < l; i++) {
          ans = Math.min(ans, dp[i][b] + dp[l - i][b]);
        }
 
        // Store the computed result
        dp[l][b] = ans;
      }
    }
 
    // Stores minimum area
    int minArea = dp[N][M];
 
    // Print minArea as the output
    System.out.println(minArea);
 
    return minArea;
  }
 
  // Driver Code
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // Given N & M
    int N = 10, M = 10;
 
    // Given valid dimensions
    ArrayList<int[]> dimensions = new ArrayList<>();
    dimensions.add(new int[]{3, 5});
 
    // Function Call
    minInvalidAreaUtil(N, M, dimensions);
  }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Sundaram


Python




import sys
 
# Store valid dimensions
ok = [[False]*1001 for _ in range(1001)]
 
# Stores memoization
dp = [[-1]*1001 for _ in range(1001)]
 
# Utility function to calculate minimum invalid area for
# Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
def minInvalidAreaUtil(N, M, dimensions):
    # Total number of valid dimensions
    K = len(dimensions)
     
    # Storing valid dimensions as for every (x, y)
    # both (x, y) and (y, x) are valid
    for i in range(K):
        x, y = dimensions[i]
        ok[x][y] = True
        ok[y][x] = True
     
    # Fill dp[][] table with -1, indicating that
    # results are not computed yet
    for i in range(N+1):
        for j in range(M+1):
            dp[i][j] = -1
             
    for l in range(1, N+1):
        for b in range(1, M+1):
            # Check whether current piece is valid or not
            # If it is, then return zero for current dimension
            if ok[l][b]:
                dp[l][b] = 0
                continue
     
            ans = l * b
     
            # Making all possible horizontal cuts, one by
            # one and calculating the sum of minimum invalid
            # area for both the resulting pieces
            for i in range(1, b):
                ans = min(ans, dp[l][i] + dp[l][b - i])
     
            # Making all possible vertical cuts, one by one
            # and calculating the sum of minimum invalid area
            # for both the resulting pieces
            for i in range(1, l):
                ans = min(ans, dp[i][b] + dp[l - i][b])
     
            # Store the computed result
            dp[l][b] = ans
     
    # Stores minimum area
    minArea = dp[N][M]
     
    # Print minArea as the output
    print(minArea)
     
    return minArea
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Given N & M
    N, M = 10, 10
     
    # Given valid dimensions
    dimensions = [(3, 5)]
     
    # Function Call
    minInvalidAreaUtil(N, M, dimensions)


C#




using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
 
class Program
{
    const int sz = 1001;
 
    // Store valid dimensions
    static bool[,] ok = new bool[sz, sz];
 
    // Stores memoization
    static int[,] dp = new int[sz, sz];
 
    // Utility function to calculate minimum invalid area for
    // Chocolate piece having dimension (l, r)
    static int MinInvalidAreaUtil(int N, int M, List<Tuple<int, int>> dimensions)
    {
        // Total number of valid dimensions
        int K = dimensions.Count;
 
        // Storing valid dimensions as for every (x, y)
        // both (x, y) and (y, x) are valid
        for (int i = 0; i < K; i++)
        {
            ok[dimensions[i].Item1, dimensions[i].Item2] = true;
            ok[dimensions[i].Item2, dimensions[i].Item1] = true;
        }
 
        // Fill dp[,] table with -1, indicating that
        // results are not computed yet
        for (int i = 0; i <= N; i++)
        {
            for (int j = 0; j <= M; j++)
            {
                dp[i, j] = -1;
            }
        }
 
        for (int l = 1; l <= N; l++)
        {
            for (int b = 1; b <= M; b++)
            {
                // Check whether current piece is valid or not
                // If it is, then return zero for current dimension
                if (ok[l, b])
                {
                    dp[l, b] = 0;
                    continue;
                }
 
                int ans = l * b;
 
                // Making all possible horizontal cuts, one by
                // one and calculating the sum of minimum invalid
                // area for both the resulting pieces
                for (int i = 1; i < b; i++)
                {
                    ans = Math.Min(ans, dp[l, i] + dp[l, b - i]);
                }
 
                // Making all possible vertical cuts, one by one
                // and calculating the sum of minimum invalid area
                // for both the resulting pieces
                for (int i = 1; i < l; i++)
                {
                    ans = Math.Min(ans, dp[i, b] + dp[l - i, b]);
                }
 
                // Store the computed result
                dp[l, b] = ans;
            }
        }
 
        // Stores minimum area
        int minArea = dp[N, M];
 
        // Print minArea as the output
        Console.WriteLine(minArea);
 
        return minArea;
    }
 
    // Driver Code
    static void Main()
    {
        // Given N & M
        int N = 10, M = 10;
 
        // Given valid dimensions
        List<Tuple<int, int>> dimensions = new List<Tuple<int, int>> { Tuple.Create(3, 5) };
 
        // Function Call
        MinInvalidAreaUtil(N, M, dimensions);
    }
}


Output

10

Time Complexity: O(N * M * (N + M))
Auxiliary Space: O(N * M)

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