The add(E e) method of Deque Interface inserts the element passed in the parameter to the end of the Deque if there is space. If the Deque is capacity restricted and no space is left for insertion, it returns an IllegalStateException. The function returns true on successful insertion.
Syntax:
boolean add(E e)
Parameters: This method accepts a mandatory parameter e which is the element to be inserted in the end of the Deque.
Returns: This method returns true on successful insertion.
Exceptions: The function throws four exceptions which are described as below:
- ClassCastException: when the class of the element to be entered prevents it from being added to this container.
- IllegalStateException: when the capacity of the container is full and insertion is done.
- IllegalArgumentException: when some property of the element prevents it to be added to the Deque.
- NullPointerException: when the element to be inserted is passed as null and the Deque’s interface does not allow null elements.
Below programs illustrate add() method of Deque:
Program 1: With the help of LinkedList.
Java
// Java Program Demonstrate add()// method of Dequeimport java.util.*;public class GFG { public static void main(String[] args) throws IllegalStateException { // create object of De1ue Deque<Integer> DQ = new LinkedList<Integer>(); // Add numbers to end of Deque DQ.add(7855642); DQ.add(35658786); DQ.add(5278367); DQ.add(74381793); // before removing print Deque System.out.println("Deque: " + DQ); }} |
Deque: [7855642, 35658786, 5278367, 74381793]
Program 2: With the help of ArrayDeque.
Java
// Java Program Demonstrate add()// method of Dequeimport java.util.*;public class GFG { public static void main(String[] args) throws IllegalStateException { // create object of De1ue Deque<Integer> DQ = new ArrayDeque<Integer>(); // Add numbers to end of Deque DQ.add(7855642); DQ.add(35658786); DQ.add(5278367); DQ.add(74381793); // before removing print Deque System.out.println("Deque: " + DQ); }} |
Deque: [7855642, 35658786, 5278367, 74381793]
Program 3: With the help of ConcurrentLinkedDeque.
Java
// Java Program Demonstrate add()// method of Dequeimport java.util.*;import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedDeque;public class GFG { public static void main(String[] args) throws IllegalStateException { // create object of De1ue Deque<Integer> DQ = new ConcurrentLinkedDeque<Integer>(); // Add numbers to end of Deque DQ.add(7855642); DQ.add(35658786); DQ.add(5278367); DQ.add(74381793); // before removing print Deque System.out.println("Deque: " + DQ); }} |
Deque: [7855642, 35658786, 5278367, 74381793]
Program 4: With the help of LinkedBlockingDeque.
Java
// Java Program Demonstrate add()// method of Dequeimport java.util.*;import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque;public class GFG { public static void main(String[] args) throws IllegalStateException { // create object of De1ue Deque<Integer> DQ = new LinkedBlockingDeque<Integer>(); // Add numbers to end of Deque DQ.add(7855642); DQ.add(35658786); DQ.add(5278367); DQ.add(74381793); // before removing print Deque System.out.println("Deque: " + DQ); }} |
Deque: [7855642, 35658786, 5278367, 74381793]
Below programs illustrate exceptions thrown by add() method:
Program 5: To show NullPointerException.
Java
/// Java Program Demonstrate add()// method of DeQue when Null is passedimport java.util.*;import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque;public class GFG { public static void main(String[] args) throws IllegalStateException { // create object of DeQue Deque<Integer> DQ = new LinkedBlockingDeque<Integer>(); // Add numbers to end of DeQue DQ.add(7855642); DQ.add(35658786); DQ.add(5278367); // when null is inserted DQ.add(null); // before removing print DeQue System.out.println("DeQue: " + DQ); }} |
Output:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
at java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque.offerLast(LinkedBlockingDeque.java:357)
at java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque.addLast(LinkedBlockingDeque.java:334)
at java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque.add(LinkedBlockingDeque.java:633)
at GFG.main(GFG.java:20)
Program 6: To show IllegalStateException.
Java
// Java Program Demonstrate add()// method of Deque when capacity is fullimport java.util.*;import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque;public class GFG { public static void main(String[] args) throws IllegalStateException { // create object of Deque Deque<Integer> DQ = new LinkedBlockingDeque<Integer>(3); // Add numbers to end of Deque DQ.add(7855642); DQ.add(35658786); DQ.add(5278367); // when capacity is full DQ.add(10); // before removing print Deque System.out.println("Deque: " + DQ); }} |
Output:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalStateException: Deque full
at java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque.addLast(LinkedBlockingDeque.java:335)
at java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque.add(LinkedBlockingDeque.java:633)
at GFG.main(GFG.java:21)
Note: The other two exceptions are internal and are caused depending on the compiler hence cannot be shown in the compiler.
Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Deque.html#add-E-
