Given a positive integer N, the task for any permutation of size N having elements over the range [0, N – 1], is to calculate the sum of Bitwise XOR of all elements with their respective position.
For Example: For the permutation {3, 4, 2, 1, 0}, sum = (0^3 + 1^4 + 2^2 + 3^1 + 4^0) = 2.
Examples:
Input: N = 3
Output: 6
Explanation: For the permutations {1, 2, 0} and {2, 0, 1}, the sum is 6.Input: N = 2
Output: 2
Approach: To solve this problem, the idea is to recursion to generate all possible permutations of the integers [0, N – 1] and calculate the score for each one of them and then find the maximum score among all the permutations formed.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
C++
// C++ program for the above approach#include<bits/stdc++.h>using namespace std;// Function to calculate the scoreint calcScr(vector<int>arr){ // Stores the possible score for // the current permutation int ans = 0; // Traverse the permutation array for(int i = 0; i < arr.size(); i++) ans += (i ^ arr[i]); // Return the final score return ans;}// Function to generate all the possible// permutation and get the max scoreint getMax(vector<int> arr, int ans, vector<bool> chosen, int N){ // If arr[] length is equal to N // process the permutation if (arr.size() == N){ ans = max(ans, calcScr(arr)); return ans; } // Generating the permutations for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { // If the current element is // chosen if(chosen[i]) continue; // Mark the current element // as true chosen[i] = true; arr.push_back(i); // Recursively call for next // possible permutation ans = getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N); // Backtracking chosen[i] = false; arr.pop_back(); } // Return the ans return ans;}// Driver Codeint main(){ int N = 2; // Stores the permutation vector<int> arr; // To display the result int ans = -1; vector<bool>chosen(N,false); ans = getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N); cout << ans << endl;}// This code is contributed by bgangwar59. |
Java
// Java program for the above approachimport java.util.*;class GFG{// Function to calculate the scorestatic int calcScr(ArrayList<Integer>arr){ // Stores the possible score for // the current permutation int ans = 0; // Traverse the permutation array for(int i = 0; i < arr.size(); i++) ans += (i ^ arr.get(i)); // Return the final score return ans;}// Function to generate all the possible// permutation and get the max scorestatic int getMax(ArrayList<Integer> arr, int ans, ArrayList<Boolean> chosen, int N){ // If arr[] length is equal to N // process the permutation if (arr.size() == N) { ans = Math.max(ans, calcScr(arr)); return ans; } // Generating the permutations for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { // If the current element is // chosen if(chosen.get(i)) continue; // Mark the current element // as true chosen.set(i, true); arr.add(i); // Recursively call for next // possible permutation ans = getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N); // Backtracking chosen.set(i, false); arr.remove(arr.size()-1); } // Return the ans return ans;}// Driver Codepublic static void main(String[] args){ int N = 2; // Stores the permutation ArrayList<Integer> arr = new ArrayList<Integer>(); // To display the result int ans = -1; ArrayList<Boolean> chosen = new ArrayList<Boolean>(Collections.nCopies(N, false)); ans = getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N); System.out.print(ans +"\n");}}// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar |
Python3
# Python program for the above approach# Function to generate all the possible# permutation and get the max scoredef getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N): # If arr[] length is equal to N # process the permutation if len(arr) == N: ans = max(ans, calcScr(arr)) return ans # Generating the permutations for i in range(N): # If the current element is # chosen if chosen[i]: continue # Mark the current element # as true chosen[i] = True arr.append(i) # Recursively call for next # possible permutation ans = getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N) # Backtracking chosen[i] = False arr.pop() # Return the ans return ans# Function to calculate the scoredef calcScr(arr): # Stores the possible score for # the current permutation ans = 0 # Traverse the permutation array for i in range(len(arr)): ans += (i ^ arr[i]) # Return the final score return ans# Driver CodeN = 2# Stores the permutationarr = []# To display the resultans = -1chosen = [False for i in range(N)]ans = getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N)print(ans) |
C#
// C# program for the above approachusing System;using System.Collections.Generic;public class GFG{ // Function to calculate the score static int calcScr(List<int>arr) { // Stores the possible score for // the current permutation int ans = 0; // Traverse the permutation array for(int i = 0; i < arr.Count; i++) ans += (i ^ arr[i]); // Return the readonly score return ans; } // Function to generate all the possible // permutation and get the max score static int getMax(List<int> arr, int ans, List<Boolean> chosen, int N) { // If []arr length is equal to N // process the permutation if (arr.Count == N) { ans = Math.Max(ans, calcScr(arr)); return ans; } // Generating the permutations for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { // If the current element is // chosen if(chosen[i]) continue; // Mark the current element // as true chosen[i] = true; arr.Add(i); // Recursively call for next // possible permutation ans = getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N); // Backtracking chosen[i] = false; arr.Remove(arr.Count-1); } // Return the ans return ans; } // Driver Code public static void Main(String[] args) { int N = 2; // Stores the permutation List<int> arr = new List<int>(); // To display the result int ans = -1; List<bool> chosen = new List<bool>(N); for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) chosen.Add(false); ans = getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N); Console.Write(ans +"\n"); }}// This code is contributed by shikhasingrajput |
Javascript
<script>// JavaScript program for the above approach// Function to calculate the scorefunction calcScr(arr) { // Stores the possible score for // the current permutation let ans = 0; // Traverse the permutation array for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) ans += (i ^ arr[i]); // Return the final score return ans;}// Function to generate all the possible// permutation and get the max scorefunction getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N) { // If arr[] length is equal to N // process the permutation if (arr.length == N) { ans = Math.max(ans, calcScr(arr)); return ans; } // Generating the permutations for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) { // If the current element is // chosen if (chosen[i]) continue; // Mark the current element // as true chosen[i] = true; arr.push(i); // Recursively call for next // possible permutation ans = getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N); // Backtracking chosen[i] = false; arr.pop(); } // Return the ans return ans;}// Driver Codelet N = 2;// Stores the permutationlet arr = [];// To display the resultlet ans = -1;let chosen = new Array(N).fill(false);ans = getMax(arr, ans, chosen, N);document.write(ans + "<br>");// This code is contributed by gfgking</script> |
Output:
2
Time Complexity: O(N*N!)
Auxiliary Space: O(N)
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