In this article, we calculate the Cosine Similarity between the two non-zero vectors. A vector is a single dimesingle-dimensional signal NumPy array. Cosine similarity is a measure of similarity, often used to measure document similarity in text analysis. We use the below formula to compute the cosine similarity.
Similarity = (A.B) / (||A||.||B||)
where A and B are vectors:
- A.B is dot product of A and B: It is computed as sum of element-wise product of A and B.
- ||A|| is L2 norm of A: It is computed as square root of the sum of squares of elements of the vector A.
Example 1:
In the example below we compute the cosine similarity between the two vectors (1-d NumPy arrays). To define a vector here we can also use the Python Lists.
Python
# import required libraries import numpy as np from numpy.linalg import norm # define two lists or array A = np.array([ 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 9 ]) B = np.array([ 3 , 4 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 5 ]) print ( "A:" , A) print ( "B:" , B) # compute cosine similarity cosine = np.dot(A,B) / (norm(A) * norm(B)) print ( "Cosine Similarity:" , cosine) |
Output:
Example 2:
In the below example we compute the cosine similarity between a batch of three vectors (2D NumPy array) and a vector(1-D NumPy array).
Python
# import required libraries import numpy as np from numpy.linalg import norm # define two lists or array A = np.array([[ 2 , 1 , 2 ],[ 3 , 2 , 9 ], [ - 1 , 2 , - 3 ]]) B = np.array([ 3 , 4 , 2 ]) print ( "A:\n" , A) print ( "B:\n" , B) # compute cosine similarity cosine = np.dot(A,B) / (norm(A, axis = 1 ) * norm(B)) print ( "Cosine Similarity:\n" , cosine) |
Output:
Notice that A has three vectors and B is a single vector. In the above output, we get three elements in the cosine similarity array. The first element corresponds to the cosine similarity between the first vector (first row) of A and the second vector (B). The second element corresponds to the cosine similarity between the second vector (second row ) of A and the second vector (B). And similarly for the third element.
Example 3:
In the below example we compute the cosine similarity between the two 2-d arrays. Here each array has three vectors. Here to compute the dot product using the m of element-wise product.
Python
# import required libraries import numpy as np from numpy.linalg import norm # define two arrays A = np.array([[ 1 , 2 , 2 ], [ 3 , 2 , 2 ], [ - 2 , 1 , - 3 ]]) B = np.array([[ 4 , 2 , 4 ], [ 2 , - 2 , 5 ], [ 3 , 4 , - 4 ]]) print ( "A:\n" , A) print ( "B:\n" , B) # compute cosine similarity cosine = np. sum (A * B, axis = 1 ) / (norm(A, axis = 1 ) * norm(B, axis = 1 )) print ( "Cosine Similarity:\n" , cosine) print ( "Cosine Similarity:\n" , cosine) |
Output:
The first element of the cosine similarity array is a similarity between the first rows of A and B. Similarly second element is the cosine similarity between the second rows of A and B. Similarly for the third element.