The psycopg database adapter is used to connect with PostgreSQL database server through python.
Installing psycopg:
First, use the following command line from the terminal:
pip install psycopg
If you have downloaded the source package into your computer, you can use the setup.py as follows:
python setup.py build sudo python setup.py install
Create a new database
First, log in to the PostgreSQL database server using any client tool such as pgAdmin or psql.
Second, use the following statement to create a new database named suppliers in the PostgreSQL database server.
CREATE DATABASE suppliers;
Connect to the PostgreSQL database using the psycopg2
To connect to the suppliers database, you use the connect() function of the psycopg2 module.
The connect() function creates a new database session and returns a new instance of the connection class. By using the connection object, you can create a new cursor to execute any SQL statements.
To call the connect() function, you specify the PostgreSQL database parameters as a connection string and pass it to the function like this:
conn = psycopg2.connect("dbname=suppliers user=postgres password=postgres")
Or you can use a list of keyword arguments:
conn = psycopg2.connect(
host="localhost",
database="suppliers",
user="postgres",
password="Abcd1234")
The following is the list of the connection parameters:
database: the name of the database that you want to connect.
user: the username used to authenticate.
password: password used to authenticate.
host: database server address e.g., localhost or an IP address.
port: the port number that defaults to 5432 if it is not provided.
To make it more convenient, you can use a configuration file to store all connection parameters.
The following shows the contents of the database.ini file:
[postgresql] host=localhost database=suppliers user=postgres password=SecurePas$1
By using the database.ini, you can change the PostgreSQL connection parameters when you move the code to the production environment without modifying the code.
Notice that if you git, you need to add the database.ini to the .gitignore file to not committing the sensitive information to the public repo like github. The .gitignore file will be like this:
database.ini
The following config() function read the database.ini file and returns connection parameters. The config() function is placed in the config.py file:
#!/usr/bin/python
from configparser import ConfigParser
def config(filename='database.ini', section='postgresql'):
# create a parser
parser = ConfigParser()
# read config file
parser.read(filename)
# get section, default to postgresql
db = {}
if parser.has_section(section):
params = parser.items(section)
for param in params:
db[param[0]] = param[1]
else:
raise Exception('Section {0} not found in the {1} file'.format(section, filename))
return db
The following connect() function connects to the suppliers database and prints out the PostgreSQL database version.
#!/usr/bin/python
import psycopg2
from config import config
def connect():
""" Connect to the PostgreSQL database server """
conn = None
try:
# read connection parameters
params = config()
# connect to the PostgreSQL server
print('Connecting to the PostgreSQL database...')
conn = psycopg2.connect(**params)
# create a cursor
cur = conn.cursor()
# execute a statement
print('PostgreSQL database version:')
cur.execute('SELECT version()')
# display the PostgreSQL database server version
db_version = cur.fetchone()
print(db_version)
# close the communication with the PostgreSQL
cur.close()
except (Exception, psycopg2.DatabaseError) as error:
print(error)
finally:
if conn is not None:
conn.close()
print('Database connection closed.')
if __name__ == '__main__':
connect()
How it works.
First, read database connection parameters from the database.ini file.
Next, create a new database connection by calling the connect() function.
Then, create a new cursor and execute an SQL statement to get the PostgreSQL database version.
After that, read the result set by calling the fetchone() method of the cursor object.
Finally, close the communication with the database server by calling the close() method of the cursor and connection objects.
Execute the connect.py file
To execute the connect.py file, you use the following command:
python connect.py
You will see the following output:
Connecting to the PostgreSQL database...
PostgreSQL database version:
('PostgreSQL 12.3, compiled by Visual C++ build 1914, 64-bit', )
Database connection closed.
Troubleshooting
The connect() function raises the DatabaseError exception if an error occurred. To see how it works, you can change the connection parameters in the database.ini file.
For example, if you change the host to localhosts, the program will output the following message:
Connecting to the PostgreSQL database... could not translate host name "localhosts" to address: Unknown host
The following displays error message when you change the database to a database that does not exist e.g., supplier:
Connecting to the PostgreSQL database... FATAL: database "supplier" does not exist
If you change the user to postgress, it will not be authenticated successfully as follows:
Connecting to the PostgreSQL database... FATAL: password authentication failed for user "postgress"
