In this article, we will use the Flask framework to create our web application in Python. The Bokeh library will be used to create interactive bar graphs and we will visualize this graph through a simple frontend HTML page. For this, we will first write the endpoints in Flask which will help us to create Bokeh charts, and then we will create HTML templates that will utilize these Bokeh charts to display them to the user. Before moving let’s understand the basic technologies we will use in this article.
Flask is a web framework that offers libraries for creating simple web applications in Python. It is built using the Jinja2 template engine and the WSGI tools. Flask is considered a micro-framework. Web server gateway interface, sometimes known as WSGI, is a standard for creating web applications in Python. It is regarded as the specification for the common interface between the web application and server. Jinja2 is a web template engine that renders dynamic web pages by fusing a template with a specific data source. You can install Flask using pip:
pip install flask==2.2.2
For building interactive visualizations for current web browsers, the Python library Bokeh is a good choice. It enables you to create stunning visualizations, from straightforward plots to intricate dashboards with streaming datasets. Without writing any JavaScript yourself, you may build visualizations that are powered by JavaScript using Bokeh. you can install Bokeh using pip:
pip install bokeh==3.0.1
Another way to add graphs to Flask apps is by using open-source JS charting libraries like Chart.js. We can pass the required data to create these charts from the Flask app. To include Chart.js in your HTML website, you can use the following CDN –
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js"></script>
Add Graphs to Flask using JavaScript Chart.js Library
Step 1: Here, we have defined two variables, namely, ‘labels’ and ‘data’. These variables are passed to the HTML template, chartjs-example.html. This HTML template as defined below should be placed in the templates directory of the root folder with the mentioned name.
Python3
# Importing required functions from flask import Flask, render_template# Flask constructor app = Flask(__name__)# Root endpoint @app.route('/')def homepage(): # Define Plot Data labels = [ 'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', ] data = [0, 10, 15, 8, 22, 18, 25] # Return the components to the HTML template return render_template( template_name_or_list='chartjs-example.html', data=data, labels=labels, )# Main Driver Function if __name__ == '__main__': # Run the application on the local development server ## app.run(debug=True) |
Step 2: Within our HTML template, we use the Jinja2 notation, i.e., to mention the Python list variables we use the syntax {{ variable_name | tojson }}. This will pass the value from the Flask app to the HTML template and particularly our JS script. Therefore, any data that is prepared within the Flask app can be leveraged in the open-source JS charting libraries.
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <title>Chartjs Charts</title></head><body> <div style="height: 50vh; width: 50%;"> <canvas id="myChart"></canvas> </div> <script> const labels = {{ labels | tojson}}; const data = { labels: labels, datasets: [{ label: 'Sales', backgroundColor: 'rgb(255, 99, 132)', borderColor: 'rgb(255, 99, 132)', data: {{ data | tojson}}, }] }; const config = { type: 'line', data: data, options: { maintainAspectRatio: false } }; const myChart = new Chart( document.getElementById('myChart'), config ); </script></body></html> |
Step 3: To run the above Flask code, we can use the following command (assuming your Flask filename is app.py)
python app.py
Output:
Add Graphs to Flask using Bokeh
The Bokeh library has a components() method which returns HTML components to embed a Bokeh plot. The data for the plot is stored directly in the returned HTML. The returned components assume that BokehJS resources are already loaded. The HTML document or template in which they will be embedded needs to include script tags, either from a local URL or Bokeh’s CDN.
<script src="https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-3.0.1.min.js"></script>
Syntax: components(models: Model | Sequence[Model] | dict[str, Model], wrap_script: bool = True, wrap_plot_info: bool = True, theme: ThemeLike = None)
Parameters:
- models (Model|list|dict|tuple: A single Model, a list/tuple of Models, or a dictionary of keys and Models.
- wrap_script (boolean, optional): If True, the returned javascript is wrapped in a script tag. (default: True)
- wrap_plot_info (boolean, optional) : If True, returns <div> strings. Otherwise, return RenderRoot objects that can be used to build your own divs. (default: True)
- theme: constitute the full set of roots of a document, applies the theme of that document to the components. Otherwise applies the default theme.
After defining the Bokeh figure and the Bokeh scatter plot, we extract the ‘script’ and ‘div’ components from the figure to use in the HTML. The ‘script’ variable holds the JS code embedded in an HTML <script> tag. As for the ‘div’ variable, it contains a single HTML <div> tag which holds the component. These two HTML codes can be utilized with the required Bokeh imports to add the graphs in our Flask apps.
Python3
# Importing required functionsimport randomfrom flask import Flaskfrom bokeh.embed import componentsfrom bokeh.plotting import figure# Flask constructorapp = Flask(__name__)# Root endpoint@app.route('/')def homepage(): # Creating Plot Figure p = figure(height=350, sizing_mode="stretch_width") # Defining Plot to be a Scatter Plot p.circle( [i for i in range(10)], [random.randint(1, 50) for j in range(10)], size=20, color="navy", alpha=0.5 ) # Get Chart Components script, div = components(p) # Return the components to the HTML template return f''' <html lang="en"> <head> <script src="https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-3.0.1.min.js"></script> <title>Bokeh Charts</title> </head> <body> <h1>Add Graphs to Flask apps using Python library - Bokeh</h1> { div } { script } </body> </html> '''# Main Driver Functionif __name__ == '__main__': # Run the application on the local development server app.run(debug=True) |
To run the above Flask code, we can use the following command (assuming your Flask filename is bokeh_charts.py)
python bokeh_charts.py
Output:
The output when viewed on the browser through the link http://127.0.0.1:5000/ will look like this
