Sometimes, while working with Python lists, we can have a problem in which we need to extract the maximum change of consecutive elements. This kind of problem can have application in domains such as Data Science. Let’s discuss certain ways in which this task can be performed.
Input : test_list = [4, 6, 7]
Output : 50.0Input : test_list = [7, 7, 7, 7]
Output : 0.0
Method #1: Using loop + zip() The combination of above functions can be used to solve this problem. In this, we combine elements with its successive element using zip(). The loop is used to perform computation in brute manner.
Python3
# Python3 code to demonstrate working of # Maximum consecutive elements percentage change# Using zip() + loop# initializing listtest_list = [4, 6, 7, 4, 2, 6, 2, 8]# printing original listprint("The original list is : " + str(test_list))# Maximum consecutive elements percentage change# Using zip() + loopres = 0for x, y in zip(test_list, test_list[1:]): res = max((abs(x - y) / x) * 100, res)# printing result print("The maximum percentage change : " + str(res)) |
The original list is : [4, 6, 7, 4, 2, 6, 2, 8] The maximum percentage change : 300.0
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is the number of elements in the list “test_list”. loop + zip() performs n number of operations.
Auxiliary Space: O(1), constant extra space is required
Method #2: Using recursion + max() This is yet another way in which this task can be performed. In this, instead of loop, we perform this task using recursion, tracking maximum at each call.
Python3
# Python3 code to demonstrate working of # Maximum consecutive elements percentage change# Using zip() + loop# helpr_fncdef get_max_diff(test_list, curr_max = None): pot_max = (abs(test_list[1] - test_list[0]) / test_list[0]) * 100 if curr_max : pot_max = max(curr_max, pot_max) if len(test_list) == 2: return pot_max return get_max_diff(test_list[1:], pot_max)# initializing listtest_list = [4, 6, 7, 4, 2, 6, 2, 8]# printing original listprint("The original list is : " + str(test_list))# Maximum consecutive elements percentage change# Using zip() + loopres = get_max_diff(test_list)# printing result print("The maximum percentage change : " + str(res)) |
The original list is : [4, 6, 7, 4, 2, 6, 2, 8] The maximum percentage change : 300.0
Method #3 : Using list comprehension
Use a list comprehension to calculate the percentage change for each pair of consecutive elements in the input list. It then returns the maximum percentage change.
Step-by-step approach:
- Create a list comprehension to calculate the percentage change between consecutive elements.
- Find the maximum percentage change from the list.
- Return the maximum percentage change.
Python3
def max_percentage_change(test_list):#define input #calculate percentage percentage_change = [(test_list[i+1] - test_list[i])/test_list[i] * 100 for i in range(len(test_list)-1)] #return result return max(percentage_change) if percentage_change else 0.0#inputtest_list = [4, 6, 7]#print outputprint(max_percentage_change(test_list)) |
50.0
Time complexity: O(n), as it involves iterating over each element of the input list once.
Space complexity: O(1), as it only needs to store a few variables to calculate the result.
Method #4: Using numpy library
Use the numpy library to compute the percentage change between consecutive elements in the list and then find the maximum value using the max() function.
Step-by-step approach:
- Import the numpy library.
- Convert the given list to a numpy array using the np.array() function.
- Compute the percentage change between consecutive elements using the np.diff() function.
- Divide the result by the first element of the original list and multiply it by 100 to get the percentage change.
- Use the np.max() function to find the maximum percentage change.
- Print the maximum percentage change.
Python3
import numpy as np# initializing listtest_list = [4, 6, 7, 4, 2, 6, 2, 8]# printing original listprint("The original list is : " + str(test_list))# Using numpy libraryarr = np.array(test_list)percent_change = np.diff(arr)/arr[:-1]*100res = np.max(np.abs(percent_change))# printing resultprint("The maximum percentage change : " + str(res)) |
OUTPUT : The original list is : [4, 6, 7, 4, 2, 6, 2, 8] The maximum percentage change : 300.0
Time Complexity: O(n)
Auxiliary Space: O(n)
Method #5: Using itertools pairwise() function and max()
- The pairwise function takes an iterable as input and returns a sequence of consecutive pairs of elements in the iterable. It uses the tee and zip_longest functions from the itertools module to achieve this.
- The get_max_diff function takes a list as input and computes the maximum percentage change between consecutive elements using a generator expression and the max function.
Python3
from itertools import tee# helpr_fncdef pairwise(iterable): a, b = tee(iterable) next(b, None) return zip(a, b)def get_max_diff(test_list): return max((abs(y - x) / x) * 100 for x, y in pairwise(test_list))# initializing listtest_list = [4, 6, 7, 4, 2, 6, 2, 8]# printing original listprint("The original list is : " + str(test_list))# Maximum consecutive elements percentage change# Using itertools pairwise() function and max()res = get_max_diff(test_list)# printing result print("The maximum percentage change : " + str(res)) |
The original list is : [4, 6, 7, 4, 2, 6, 2, 8] The maximum percentage change : 300.0
Time complexity: O(n)
Auxiliary space: O(1)
